Ideas, Formulas and Shortcuts for Medical School Admission Essay

Ideas, Formulas and Shortcuts for Medical School Admission Essay Moreover, medical schools already know about every one of the programs and resources they give, and that means you wouldn't be providing much value via your writing. Nonetheless, healthcare costs are gaining a proportion of the national GDP each year. With the wish to stimulate and boost the bodys immune system, homeopathic medicines are customized to satisfy personal healthcare requirements. Furthermore, men and women in the area of medicine should have strong leadership, communication and social skills. Sometimes though, just some of a Sample essay can help you. You may obtain just about any Sample essay online for unique subjects. Abortion Essay is a type of essay writing topic which consists of some healthcare terms. Viewing a Sample essay and considering the matter of plagiarism is quite important. Take a look at the next link if you would like more tips about how to compose the personal statement. It's possible for you to visit us to acquire more info on any subject that's in question in medical school. The list are found at www.naces.org. The price of the school and its physical location ought to be considered too, since the candidate spends a couple of significant years of his life there. Give comprehensive information and if at all possible, state a specific case where you had the ability to do a goal or a project, either by yourself or as an element of a group. The medical school personal statement is often the toughest part of an application. Your health care school personal statement should sell. Top Medical School Admission Essay Choices You are able to easily buy unique college essays and don't neglect to tell friends and family about it. You'll be thrilled to obtain an outstanding admission paper in no moment. Make It Interesting Perhaps the main purpose of all though is to continue to keep your essay interesting. What's more, besides the countless papers on distinct subjects, you may have a number of other responsibilities which require significant attention. How to Find Medical School Admission Essa y Online Medical schools search for candidates that are passionate about medicine for a profession. Medicine is a subject that mainly addresses the study of the way to cure the sick. Undergraduates are anticipated to donate a few of their time and service to medical institutions. Students may go through the sample medical school essays which are available on our site and know the caliber of work we provide. They are given assistance because they have a special skill or ability, display a particular talent, have a certain grade point average, or are enrolled in a specific program. The standard of internet nursing education has greatly improved over recent years. So if you're searching for the ideal school in Mumbai, then RBKIS is the very best selection for you. Therefore, if you're interested in becoming a health doctor, be ready to make substantial sacrifices, first in medical school and later in your internship and residency. If you're following several directions, and you've got a great emergency kit that's acceptable for college living, then whether you're a college student or whether you're the parent of one, you will learn that everything was accounted for and everything is going to be taken care of. There are a few simple measures to applying for medical school and they're outlined below. When thinking about a career for a doctor, you will discover that the medical school admission requirements are more then grades that you produce in undergraduate classes. The entire procedure of writing an admission essay for practically any statutory law school or other institutions can be rather complicated. As a result, the competition and medical school requirements have come to be much tougher.

John P. Parker Essay - 766 Words

His Promised Land: The Autobiography of John P. Parker, Former Slave And Conductor on the Underground Railroad. When we think of the conductors of the Underground Railroad many think of Harriet Tubman and her only, but if we study history carefully we will find out that she is not the only conductor worth mentioning. John P. Parker has to be one of the most underappreciated figures not only in African American history but American history in general. If everyone was aware of this true American hero’s story, without question he would be a household name. The autobiography of John P. Parker is very well written and will have any reader on the edge of their seat throughout the entire book. The accounts of his experiences both as a slave†¦show more content†¦This was the first of many successful rescue missions. The next theme we will talk about will be cleverness. Mr. Parker was so clever that he could easily avoid authority as well as slave owners and even managed to convince a widow to purchase him from his master for $1,800 and was able to purchase his freedom from the widow in just 18 months by working in the iron foundry. John Parker was a very brilliant and clever man that lived a double life. By day he would work as an iron molder and by night he would take slaves across the Ohio River. He was a brilliant inventor with patents to a sugar mill, tobacco press, and soil pulverizer. Parker was a terrific businessman also. He was the owner of a foundry and blacksmith shop at a time when many black businesses were failing. The final theme that we will cover will be bravery. John Parker was very heroic and resilient. For almost fifteen years John Parker helped slaves escape to freedom as a conductor on the Underground Railroad. The dangers of getting caught helping slaves escape include jail time or even death. A good example of John Parker’s bravery would be when he snatched a whip out of a white nurse’s hand and began beating her because she was physically abusing her patients and Mr. Parker had had enough. This was particularly brave beca use no slave in their right mind would ever strike a white woman and still be around to talk about it. Perhaps theShow MoreRelatedSlavery Essay1312 Words   |  6 Pagesat one point and still managed to dispossess people of color of their rights as an equal human being in the eyes of God. Unfortunately, there were more failures than victories in this sense yet a good example of a successor was John P. Parker. In the autobiography of Parker, His Promised Land, he illustrates the life he lived as a slave and how he achieved freedom through his own hard work and initiative also helping grant freedom to others through the famously known Underground Rail Road. To hisRead MoreTopic 1: Mary Parker Follett Has Been Described by Schermerhorn Et Al. (2011) as an Administrative Theorist Within the Classical Approach to Management. However, Others Have Seen Her as Ahead of Her Time, and Have Even1373 Words   |  6 PagesTopic 1: Mary Parker Follett has been described by Schermerhorn et al. ( 2011) as an Administrative Theorist within the Classical approach to management. However, others have seen her as ahead of her time, and have even described her as thoroughly modern (Hurst, 1992).What were Mary Parker Follett s main contributions to management thought and practice; how do they relate to Classical management theory; and how are they relevant to practicing managers in contemporary organisations? â€Æ' ‘ClassicalRead MoreEssay The Music of Charles Ives1545 Words   |  7 Pagesfather and community and a vision of what he thinks music can be. Horatio Parker, Ives’s composition professor unashamedly informs Ives that his vision of music seems blurry, perhaps even nauseating, to the astute, cultured musician. Ives quickly develops anger towards Parker’s traditional tutelage and rarely recognizes the positive effects Parker has on his compositions. Here begins the battle between new and old that Ives and Parker embarked upon during Ives’s college years, however the story startsRead MoreMy Personal Philosophy Of Education1152 Words   |  5 Pageseducation, I will further detail the aim of education, the role of the teacher and methods of education that achieve these. Justification will be provided in the form of supporting theorists: Maria Montessori, Parker Palmer, John Dewey and Nel Noddings. Furthermore, theories proposed by Plato and John Locke will be demonstrated as in opposition to my personal philosophy of education. Aim of Education I believe that the aim of education is to provide students with opportunities of content learning and self-learningRead MoreEssay on The Effect of Birth Order on Learning and Development1225 Words   |  5 Pagespersonality theorist, often studied the issue of birth order. He believed that â€Å"the demands of each birth order position typically, but not inevitably, structure the way the parents treat the child and help define the child’s resulting personality,† (Parker, 1998, p.29). Frank Sulloway, author of the book â€Å"Born to Rebel: Birth Order, Family Dynamics, and Creative Lives,† states: Siblings compete with one another to secure physical, emotional, and intellectual resources from parents. Depending on differencesRead MoreCompany Analysis : Caterpillar Inc Company1638 Words   |  7 Pageslivable world while accommodating stockholders financially. Caterpillar accomplishes strategic goals through superior results by investing in the company as a structurally strong long-term company with total shareholder return in the top 25% of the SP 500 (Strategy, n.d.). Team structure is secure while being an all-encompassing work environment. Caterpillar maintains global leadership by thriving over competitors while offering paramount results. Core Competencies Caterpillar utilizes a 35-pageRead MoreEssay on Let’s Put an End to Corporate Power and Greed666 Words   |  3 Pagesturned into a ghost town with poverty taking its toll on the common people. The rich got richer, while the poor became poorer. By this time the conditions had become so bad that the Money Magazine described Flint as the worst American city to live in. John Grisham (My Turn: Somewhere For Everyone) also agrees with how homelessness as a problem is now not going away. Relegated to minimum wage jobs these people have very little choices left. In ‘Pets or Meat: The return to Flint,’ Michael Moore continuesRead MoreNative American in the Civial War1380 Words   |  6 PagesChickasaws, Seminoles, Quapous, Senecas, Caddos, Wichita, Osages, and the Shawnees signed a treaty of alliance with the Confederacy (Johansen p. 124). Many Native Americans from the Five Civilized Tribes agree upon the treaty because the conditions for the treaty was that all Native Americans formally resigned in their territory had to â€Å"support the confederacy,† (Invine p.334). But the Native American soldiers were not obligated to fight outside their indian territory. Within two years the treaty was slowlyRead MoreThe Underground Railroad1145 Words   |  5 Pagescome and witness history (Safe Passage). Another famous abolitionist from Ohio was John Rankin. The National Park Service states that John Rankin was the first known conductor in the state of Ohio. As noted by The National Park Service, Rankin, his wife, and kids helped hundreds of slaves from 1822 to 1865. His neighbor John Parker was another abolitionist and the two worked together to help the passengers, Parker brought slaves across the river in his boat where they stayed at Rankins House. ManyRead MoreSignificance of Shays Rebellion1575 Words   |  7 Pagesthe House of Representatives (the lower chamber). This particular plan had a problem with small states because they had less population, resulting in smaller number of seats in the house. The large states would have all the advantage in the house. John Dickinson, a lawyer and a politician, reproached Madison that, You see the consequences of pushing things too far. Some of the members from the small States wish for two branches in the General Legislature and are fri ends to a good National Government;

College vs. High School Essay Example For Students

College vs. High School Essay High School vs. CollegeAfter going to high school for four years, college is definitely a step up. There are similarities, but at the same time more differences. There is still some required classes and homework, but they are different at the same time. Classes in college are bigger as well as the campus, class times vary a lot more, homework takes more time, and the teacher/student communication is a 180 degree change from high school. In high school, classes are usually no larger than 25 students. In many classes, it could be even less than that. In college all classes are larger than 35 students, yet most are significantly larger. In general education lecture classes, such as Psychology and management, class sizes can get up to 400 students. Students go into their classes, find a seat in the huge lecture hall, and fade into another face among the silent crowd. With so many students and so many faces in each class, college professors dont personally get to know their students. A professor wouldnt even notice if a student didnt attend class one day, or if that person was taking that class at all. In big classes, the professor wont even know a students name by the last day of class. In high school, teachers get to know their students on a first and last name basis within at least the first couple of weeks. High School teachers know each students personality, study habits, and grades by the end of each year. In college, a student would be lucky if his/her professor recognized their face. Lecture, lecture, lecture, take notes, read, and take the test. That pretty much sums up an average college course. You come into the class, find a seat, get out your notebook for notes and listen until the end of class. There are no second chances or re-takes on an exam, like in high school. It is almost impossible to talk professors into giving extra credit for outstanding participation, because chances are they wont remember it. Half credit for the confusing last question you got wrong on the mid-term? Not a chance; it is either all credit or no credit. To avoid confusion, you must study harder next time. In college, theres no more messing around with exhibitions or group projects. Although one may be used to having extra credit or participation points in high school, dont expect to see it too much in college. Students are tested on what they learned, and thats the end of it. You know it or you dont. There is a set time which school is in session everyday in high school. For examp le, a high school could hold classes from 7am to 3pm Monday through Fridays for nine months. There, a student plans his of her schedule around school. In college it is exactly the opposite. A student can take classes whenever they want to. For example, if a student wishes to work from nine to three, then they can enroll in classes after three and even night classes if they want. Class times vary form 7:00 in the morning to 8:00 at night. A college student can plan their schooling around their schedule. Everyone takes the same classes in high school: Math, English, Science, History, and possibly an Art. Everyone pretty much has the same set requirements to meet before each year ends. When in college, students can take whatever classes they want. Classes range from Management Information Systems to Human Nutrition, or Weather and Climate. Depending on what one wants to major in, there are many different class options. You can take whatever class you want, when you want. Take your pick. In conclusion, high school and college are two very different worlds of education. The way subjects are taught, the sizes of classes, the schedule of classes, teachers, and courses all vary between college and high school. College is a step up in education; it is a whole new kind of experience. Its not extremely hard, but you just have to push yourself a little more, and step up your study habits and homework skills. College and high school are both the same in some ways, but really different in many o thers.

Study Of Family Interaction Essays - Family, Human Development

Study of Family Interaction Study Of Family Interaction Lead To New Understanding Of Abusive Parents Researchers at the University of Toronto have taken important steps toward producing a profile of an abusive parent. Prof. Gary Walters and doctoral student Lynn Oldershaw of the Department of Psychology have developed a system to characterize parents who physically abuse their children. This could ultimately allow social service professionals to identify parents in child abuse. Over the last five years, Walters and Oldershaw, in collaboration with Darlene Hall of the West End Creche, have examined over 100 mothers and their three to six-year-old children who have been physically abused. In the laboratory, the mother and child spend 30 minutes in structured activities such as playing, eating and cleaning-up. The family interaction is video-taped and later analyzed. The researchers have developed a system which allows them to record the effectiveness of parenting skills. They are particularly interested in disciplinary strategies because abuse most commonly occurs when the parent wants the child to comply. It's a question of trying to determine which type of parent produces which type of child or which type of child elicits which type of parental behaviour, explains Oldershaw. As a result of their work, Walters and Oldershaw have identified distinct categories of abusive parents and their children. 'Harsh/intrusive' mothers are excessively harsh and constantly badger their child to behave. Despite the fact that these mothers humiliate and disapprove of their child, there are times when they hug, kiss or speak to them warmly. This type of mothering produces an aggressive, disobedientchild. A 'covert/hostile' mother shows no positive feelings towards her child. She makes blatant attacks on the child's self-worth and denies him affection or attention. For his part, the child tries to engage his mother's attention and win her approval. An 'emotionally detached' mother has very little involvement with her child. She appears depressed and uninterested in the child's activities. The child of this type of mother displays no characteristics which set him apart from other children. In order to put together a parenting profile, the two researchers examine the mother/child interaction and their perception and feelings. For instance, Walters and Oldershaw take into account the mother's sense of herself as a parent and her impression of her child. The researchers also try to determine the child's perception of himself or herself and of the parent. Abusive parents are often believed to have inadequate parenting skills and are referred to programs to improve these skills. These programs are particularly appropriate for parents who, themselves, were raised by abusive parents and as a result are ignorant of any other behavior toward her child. One of the goals of the psychologists is to provide information to therapists which will help tailor therapy to the individual needs of the abusive parents. Recidivism rates for abusive care-givers are high, says Walters. To a large extent, abusive parents which require a variety of treatment. Their research is funded by the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council.Contact: Gary Walters (416)978-7814 Lynn Oldershaw (416)978-3528

The History of the Mexican Revolution in 1910

The History of the Mexican Revolution in 1910 Mexican and American people should remember the Mexican revolution which took place in 1910. Several years people struggled for their lands, freedom and the opportunity to lead a normal life. Many people had leave their places as Americans and other powerful people just captured what they had.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The History of the Mexican Revolution in 1910-1942 specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Reading the book The Wind that Swept Mexico: The History of the Mexican Revolution, 1910-1942 by Brenner and Leighton (1984), it is possible to imagine how people struggled and how they suffered. Inequality and injustice supported that revolution. Looking at the time when the events took place, the beginning of the 20th century and the barbaric circumstances which supported the revolution, it is possible to predict that nothing similar may be seen in the modern time. However, the events in the modern world and the countries, which still allow such cases, exist. Columbia is a developing country where the laws are rather co0ntestible and the behavior of some powers remain unsatisfied. However, people are unable to contradict due to low income, poor existence and other factors which impact the situation. It is possible to draw the parallel; between Similar to 1910s Mexico and Colombia’s â€Å"dispossessed†, the events which may be characterized by the illegal having of the lands of population taken away by wealthy landowners with the complicity of the government. Remembering the Mexican revolution, the participants and the simple viewers of the event saw the following,  Every home was in a state of siege. Civilians dodging out for food were often caught in crossfires, and their bodies lay in the streets. Women ran on desperate errands carrying flags made of sheets tied to brooms. A million people had become only a battlefield (Brenner, Leighton, 1984, p. 34). Reading such expla nation, it is impossible to imagine that the same things may happen in the civilized world. However, this is exactly what happened in 2000 in Columbia. Molano (2005) in his book The dispossessed: chronicles of the Desterrados of Colombia presents the story of this country when people were deprived of everything they had.Advertising Looking for essay on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More There was neither law nor judges, neither protectors nor those who could even help. Powerful people believed that they could do everything they had, others were sure that they did not have anything and could not sustain. Reading the stories told by a boy named Toà ±ito, one becomes really shocked of how the government of the country may act in such a way. Modern world is based on democracy where people are the hands of the power. Still, Columbia is not such a country. The government there lives under personal rules a nd does all possible to satisfy personal needs. Remembering the Mexican revolution, people say, â€Å"cases involving a foreigner against a Mexican were decided according to the principle that the foreigner must be right† (Brenner, Leighton, 1984, p. 11). The foreigners were the conquerors and this may be considered as one of the approvals of the events. â€Å"Many wars. Here had been a great war in which the Americans – or was it the English? had come down from the north and, aided by the devil†¦ had overrun many lands† (Brenner, Leighton, 1984, p. 18). However, the situation in Columbia was different. Paramilitaries came to the places of simple people to get what they wanted. Molano (2005) writes, â€Å"everybody was inside by eight o’clock. The adults would sit outside talking among themselves until then, because later, the paramilitaries would ride by on their motorcycles and kill whoever was at the street† (p. 73). Therefore, the main d ifference between the Mexican revolution and the Columbian’s dispossessed was the fact that in the first case the foreigners wanted to get something from a poor neighbors, while in the situation with Columbia, the government and wealthy people believed that they do not possess enough and simple poor people should give them what they have. Toà ±ito’s story about his family who were killed is touching. He tells about the representatives of power who wanted to get their house, about his days when he had nothing to eat and to where to leave. As a result, Toà ±ito remain at the street with other boys (Molano, 2005). Osiris’s story is more shocking.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The History of the Mexican Revolution in 1910-1942 specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Her husband was shot in front of her and her children. Several years later, her son was killed by police and her daughter disappeared. The more shocking event was the fact that she was accused in the murder and disappearance of her children. These are the methods how police and other governmental structures made people leave their places to give those to powerful and wealthy representatives of the society. Such countries as Mexico and Columbia do not know what democracy is. These people are not sure what they can wait from their government, they are not protected at all. These two war events which took place in Mexico and about 100 years later in Columbia prove the fact that there are people who do want to get everything, that democracy for some people is just the word which means nothing. Of course, powerful people will always get more if they use their power on the personal benefit. However, governments of the same kind should understand that the life under oppression cannot last forever, there always will be people who will want to change everything. Looking at Mexican people, it is impossible to say that they live wealthy lives, however, these people are happy to have their homes, lands and work. Columbian oppression is also finishes. Social and political processes are subjected to different laws. Even if the country leaders do not know them, it does not mean that they are not going to work. Oppressed people are ready for revolution and they will win this revolution some time. Fear for personal life is not that powerful like the fear for the same future for children, for the same future for the further generations. There are many examples in the world history where people are ready to fight to death for the freedom of those who will manage to survive. The examples of the violence (foreigners in Mexico and police in Columbia) almost 100 years ago show that human greed does not have the measures. Having a desire to get more land, powerful structures are ready for murders and other violence acts to make sure that they will be able to get what they want.Advertising Looking for essay on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Molano (2005) and Brenner Leighton (1984) give the vivid examples of what happened in Columbia and Mexico respectively and these pictures shock. The events and the reasons are similar as the fight for land has always been supported with blood and suffering. Reference List Brenner, A., Leighton, G. R. (1984). The Wind that Swept Mexico: The History of the Mexican Revolution, 1910-1942. Austin: University of Texas Press. Molano, A. (2005). The dispossessed: chronicles of the Desterrados of Colombia. New York: Haymarket Books.

Overview of the Second Opium War

Overview of the Second Opium War In the mid-1850s, the European powers and the United States sought to renegotiate their commercial treaties with China. This effort was led by the British who sought the opening of all of China to their merchants, an ambassador in Beijing, legalization of the opium trade, and the exemption of imports from tariffs. Unwilling to make further concessions to the West, the Qing government of Emperor Xianfeng refused these requests. Tensions were further heightened on October 8, 1856, when Chinese officials boarded the Hong Kong (then British) registered ship Arrow and removed 12 Chinese crewmen. In response to the Arrow Incident, British diplomats in Canton demanded the release of the prisoners and sought redress. The Chinese refused, stating that Arrow was involved in smuggling and piracy. To aid in dealing with the Chinese, the British contacted France, Russia, and the United States about forming an alliance. The French, angered by the recent execution of missionary August Chapdelaine by the Chinese, joined while the Americans and Russians sent envoys. In Hong Kong, the situation worsened following a failed attempt by the citys Chinese bakers to poison the citys European population. Early Actions In 1857, after dealing with the Indian Mutiny, British forces arrived at Hong Kong. Led by Admiral Sir Michael Seymour and Lord Elgin, they joined with the French under Marshall Gros and then attacked the forts on the Pearl River south of Canton. The governor of Guangdong and Guangxi provinces, Ye Mingchen, ordered his soldiers not to resist and the British easily took control of the forts. Pressing north, the British and French seized Canton after a brief fight and captured Ye Mingchen. Leaving an occupying force at Canton, they sailed north and took the Taku Forts outside Tianjin in May 1858. Treaty of Tianjin With his military already dealing with the Taiping Rebellion, Xianfeng was unable to resist the advancing British and French. Seeking peace, the Chinese negotiated the Treaties of Tianjin. As part of the treaties, the British, French, Americans, and Russians were permitted to install legations in Beijing, ten additional ports would be opened to foreign trade, foreigners would be permitted to travel through the interior, and reparations would be paid to Britain and France. In addition, the Russians signed the separate Treaty of Aigun which gave them coastal land in northern China. Fighting Resumes While the treaties ended the fighting, they were immensely unpopular within Xianfengs government. Shortly after agreeing to the terms, he was persuaded to renege and dispatched Mongolian General Sengge Rinchen to defend the newly returned Taku Forts. The following June hostilities recommenced following Rinchens refusal to allow Admiral Sir James Hope to land troops to escort the new ambassadors to Beijing. While Richen was willing to allow the ambassadors to land elsewhere, he prohibited armed troops to accompany them. On the night of June 24, 1859, British forces cleared the Baihe River of obstacles and the next day Hopes squadron sailed in to bombard the Taku Forts. Meeting heavy resistance from the forts batteries, Hope was ultimately forced to withdrawal with the aid of Commodore Josiah Tattnall, whose ships violated US neutrality to assist the British. When asked why he intervened, Tattnall replied that blood is thicker than water. Stunned by this reversal, the British and French began assembling a large force at Hong Kong. By the summer of 1860, the army numbered 17,700 men (11,000 British, 6,700 French). Sailing with 173 ships, Lord Elgin and General Charles Cousin-Montauban returned to the Tianjin and landed on August 3 near Bei Tang, two miles from the Taku Forts. The forts fell on August 21. Having occupied Tianjin, the Anglo-French army began moving inland towards Beijing. As the enemy host approached, Xianfeng called for peace talks. These stalled following the arrest and torture of British envoy Harry Parkes and his party. On September 18, Rinchen attacked the invaders near Zhangjiawan but was repelled. As the British and French entered the Beijing suburbs, Rinchen made his final stand at Baliqiao. Mustering over 30,000 men, Rinchen launched several frontal assaults on the Anglo-French positions and was repulsed, destroying his army in the process. The way now open, Lord Elgin and Cousin-Montauban entered Beijing on October 6. With the army gone, Xianfeng fled the capital, leaving Prince Gong to negotiate peace. While in the city, British and French troops looted the Old Summer Palace and freed Western prisoners. Lord Elgin considered burning the Forbidden City as punishment for Chinese use of kidnapping and torture, but was talked into burning the Old Summer Palace instead by other diplomats. Aftermath In the following days, Prince Gong met with the Western diplomats and accepted the Convention of Peking. By the terms of the convention, the Chinese were forced to accept the validity of the Treaties of Tianjin, cede part of Kowloon to Britain, open Tianjin as a trade port, allow religious freedom, legalize the opium trade, and pay reparations to Britain and France. Though not a belligerent, Russia took advantage of Chinas weakness and concluded the Supplementary Treaty of Peking which ceded approximately 400,000 square miles of territory to St. Petersburg. The defeat of its military by a much smaller Western army showed the weakness of the Qing Dynasty and began a new age of imperialism in China. Domestically, this, coupled with the flight of the emperor and the burning of the Old Summer Palace, greatly damaged the Qings prestige leading many within China to begin questioning the governments effectiveness. Sources victorianweb.org/history/empire/opiumwars/opiumwars1.html state.gov/r/pa/ho/time/dwe/82012.htm

History of Numerical Control development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

History of Numerical Control development - Essay Example Most of this machining incorporated milling operations. Because of this the air force had to sponsor a research project for the development of a prototype numerical control milling machine at Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The production of the prototype was done by retrofitting a conventional tracer mill with numerical control servomechanisms for the machine’s three axes.2The very first demonstration for this Numerical Control machine was done in 1952 March by the MIT Labs. The builders of the machine tool slowly by slowly started to develop projects that they could use to introduce the Numerical Control units. Also some industry users more so the builders of airframes started working to make numerical control machines so that they could satisfy their production needs. The Air force went with encouraging people to develop the Numerical Control by through the sponsorship of more research at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in order to design a language for programming for use in controlling Numerical Control machines. The very first Numerical Control machines came about in the 1940s into the 50s. They were built based on the tolls present at that time which had been modified with motors that could move the controls to follow the points that were fed in the system on a punched tape. 3These servomechanisms were augmented rapidly with digital and analogue computers thus creating the computer numerical control (CNC) machine tools known today which have gone ahead to revolutionize the process of machining. In the current CNC systems the end to end design of the component is automated very highly by use of a computer assisted design as well as computer assisted manufacturing (CAM) programs. The programs bring forth a computer file that when interpreted extract every command required for the operation of a specific machine through a postprocessor and thereafter loaded in Computer Numerical

PTLLS prepare to teach in The Life Long Learning Sector Level4 Assignment

PTLLS prepare to teach in The Life Long Learning Sector Level4 - Assignment Example This outlines the key aspects of teaching legislation and requirements. It is my duty to maintain the professional integrity and uphold are all cost the reputational of my professionalism. It is therefore very crucial to identify the needs of my learners. For this reason it is therefore important to meet the professional requirements that are valued by the institute that I serve, and be responsible for the scheme of work that I am going to teach my learners (LLUK 45). In order for teachers to protect themselves and the best way to do it is to follow the rules of the code of practice. Being a teacher I automatically become a role model to my students and for this reason am not going to discriminate, abuse (physically or verbally), dress in a good manner and avoid tardiness. The code of professional practice comes in support of all teachers as guidance to how to be a good teacher. This society is very dynamic, and teaching as a profession is becoming more and more complicated. In order to keep up with the changes, I need to ensure that I meet the highest possible standard. Due to this reasons I should be committed to my own professional learning, seeking to expand my skills and to deepen my knowledge as a professional teacher (Gravells 78). There are a few legislations that a teacher should comply with. There are some generic legislation that includes code of professional practice (2008), which was developed by the institute for learning (IfL 30) and covers aspects such as professional integrity, respect, reasonable care, professional practice, disclosure and responsibility. The other one is the children act that comprises of five fundamental aspects; each child should be kept healthy, stay safe, enjoy and achieve, make a positive contribution and achieve economic well-being. It will also be helpful to be guided by the Equality act (2010), which covers aspects such as age, disability, gender, gender

Pretesting Feedback Essay Example for Free

Pretesting Feedback Essay In the article by Jean-Baptiste Jean-Pierre on HIV/AIDS, the importance of carrying out pretesting method is apparent. Jean-Pierre opens the article by providing a clear and easy to understand definition of pretesting in which it is classified as a type of formative research entailing systematic collection of reactions to materials and information from target audience prior to their actual presentation. The article also outlines the goal of pretesting and its significance particularly when the target audience is characterized by individuals of different cultures and level of education. The author then shifts focus to the purpose of his article which entails use of pretesting in public service announcement (PSA) in Brooklyn, New York on matters concerning use of condoms as a tool for preventing the spread of HIV among African American women of between 20 to 49 years old. The probing question is whether media stations will allocate enough time to the PSA. Media stations normally shy away from airing controversial issues since they might destroy their reputation and in turn, their business might collapse (Hampton, Rabinowitz, Nagy, 2010). However, selection of HIV/ AIDS and condom use for the PSA comes in handy in ensuring stations run them. Controversial issues such as gay marriage wield enormous difficulties in convincing media stations to run the PSA. As a result of HIV prevention through use of condoms not being contentious, the PSA is made more effective hence having a high chance of reaching the target audience. On reaching the target audience, the message is more likely to encourage them and enhance their awareness on the issue at hand. In addition to having experts from radio or television to check and evaluate the message, it is imperative to consult religious leaders, activists and health practitioners on the same (Hampton, Rabinowitz, Nagy, 2010). The message might meet the requirements of media but lack the intensity necessary to kindle the most appropriate reaction from the target audience. In his article, Jean-Pierre includes experts from media and communication field but excludes those from the health sector thereby making the announcement vulnerable to incompetency. Involving individuals from the health fraternity is crucial to ensuring greater effectiveness of the PSA. Jean-Pierre intends to utilize short questionnaire which normally consume little time since they comprise of brief questions regarding the perception of the information to be conveyed, its ease of understanding and the modifications required. Such questions ensure that the PSA reaches the target audience and provokes the expected positive reaction (Siegel Lotenberg, 2007). Moreover, employing market research techniques might prove effective in evaluating the program. Besides the technique having flaws, it provides a quicker and cost effective method for gathering data on the program (Poscente, Rothstein, Irvine, 2002), thereby enhancing its ability to fine-tune mass media channels and the assembling of health promotion information. Such techniques could improve the pretesting method by enhance the effectiveness of the message conveyed to the target audience through PSA. References Hampton, C. , Rabinowitz, P. Nagy, K. (2010). Preparing public service announcements. The Community Tool Box. Retrieved May 20, 2010 from http://ctb. ku. edu/en/tablecontents/sub_section_main_1065. htm Poscente, N. , Rothstein, M. Irvine, M. J. (2002). Using marketing research methods to evaluate a stage-specific intervention. American Journal of Health Behavior 26(4): 243-251. Retrieved May 20, 2010 from EBSCO database. Siegel, M. Lotenberg, D. L. (2007). Marketing public health: Strategies to promote social change. Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett Publishers.

Power Semiconductor Devices Essay -- Power Conversion Essays

Power Semiconductor Devices Introduction Today there are many power semiconductor devices used in different applications of power conversion. The diode is one of the oldest semiconductors devices and is still wildly used today in power electronics. Diodes are found in virtually all power converts in one form or another. For this reason our discussion will be focused on the application of power diodes. Power Diodes are two terminal electronic devices that permit current flow in predominantly one direction. Diodes are composed of differently doped silicon or germanium bounded together at a junction. Purpose As an Electrical Engineering specializing in Power Electronics it is important to understanding the application of different types of diodes in power electronics. The technology behind the development of pn junctions and solid state devices is continuously advancing. This is why it is important to be informed of the most modern advances of one of the world’s oldest power semiconductor devices. This paper will focus on the construction and ratings of various types of power diodes to convey the importance diodes have power electronics. Power Diodes: Power diodes are successors to the very first semiconductor devices. Power diodes are mainly used as uncontrolled rectifiers to convert single-phase or three- phase AC voltage to a rippled DC voltage. Typically they are constructed of a mixture of differently doped silicon or germanium. Most common are the silicon diodes because they can operate at higher currents and junction temperatures then germanium diodes. All diodes are devices that conduct current in only one direction. Whenever the voltage on the anode is positive with respect to the cathode, the dio... ...e a diode that will satisfy the requirements of the circuit while increasing overall circuit efficiency and maintaining reliability. Through improved modern design techniques diodes are no longer a weak component, and are becoming more important in power electronics with the increase demand for higher power quality and power efficiency. Works Cited: N. Mohan, T.M. Undeland, W.P. Robbins, â€Å"Power Electronics†, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.  © 2003 Timothy L. Skvarenina, â€Å"The Power Electronics Handbook† CRC Press LLC  © 2002 Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings Volume 483, â€Å"Power Semiconductor Materials and Devices† Materials Research Society  © 1998 â€Å"Dura-Bilt5i MV Engineering Reference Book†, GE Toshiba Automation Systems, U.S.A.  © 2003 Kilowatt Classroom: Electrical Training Seminars - Web Site Home Page http://www.kilowattclassroom.com/

A teacher affects eternity, he can never tell where his influence stops

More and more, teachers are becoming a primary influence in children’s lives. Therefore, it stands to reason that a teacher’s personality and teaching style can have a profound impact on children’s academic performance and general development. A teacher is like a sculptor: he moulds a personality out of a child like a sculptor creates a beautiful statue out of clay. So a teacher has the greatest impact on student‘s character, knowledge, values and this affect can go on for years even after they are not in contact with one another.Firstly, a teacher has the core affect on student‘s knowledge, which they can use in all life situations later on. Teaching requires utter dedication and selflessness to be able to impart your learning and knowledge to the students. It not only deals with academic knowledge alone. Being very knowledgeable will not immediately qualify as a good teacher. What is more important is the attitude and the skill of being able to tran sfer the lessons effectively to the students. A teacher is dealing with many students of different personalities.Some are like a sponge who grasps the main ideas very easily, but other students require more patience as they find it more difficult to understand the subject matter. As a teacher, it is his role to take care of all of these students, making sure no one is left behind. Thus, if a teacher has built a good foundation, students will use the knowledge in future. That's why it is said, that a teacher creats other professions. Secondly, a teacher plays a great role in forming student‘s character. It is very difficult, because character is formed not only in the classroom, but every student has it‘s individual resources.Despite the fact, the classroom climate influenced by a teacher has a major impact on pupils’ motivation, attitude towards learning and charater development. A teacher must respect the individuality of each child and must not attack the self d ignity of a particular student. A teacher should take an interest in every child. Because the better you get to know your students, the more influence you will have on their attitude towards your subject, and on their lives in general. However it should not be forgotten constantly to provide benchmarks for improvement for your students.Praise should be given when it is due, and find positive things to tell students before making suggestions on how to improve something. Draw gently alongside those who are in need of help and find creative ways to assist them to improve their grades. Thirdly, a teacher has a huge impact on student‘s values. They are not passed on from parents to children in the form of DNA. However, it does not necessarily follow that if they are learned, they must have been learned as a result of deliberate teaching. The consequences of our value systems are not understood in abstractions but in deeds.A teacher can't really â€Å"teach† values as he do o ther parts of the curriculum, but he can and should help students develop values through his own behaviors and modeling. The purpose of this is the belief that a clearly defined and meaningful set of values will help students, in the years to come, to do the right thing, especially when doing the right thing is hard. To sum up, teaching, like any other responsible profession is quite a challenge especially in the present fast moving world, however it can leave huge impact on the young minds. But a teacher plays the biggest role in forming children‘s knowledge, character and values.

Marketing Final Paper Essay

Yum! Brands is the world’s largest restaurant company with over 38,000 restaurants in over 110 countries and territories and more than 1 million associates. Yum Brands is also a leader within the Quick Service Restaurants (QSR) industry in China, with over 3,500 restaurants in the region (i.e., Taiwan, Mainland China, and Thailand), more than 1,800 of which are located in Mainland China. Yum Brands operates in the Food Service Industry, which will never be replaced or outdated due to increasing technology or increased competition. Consumers will always need to consume from the Food Service Industry. Growth and consumption is guaranteed with increase of the world population and expansion to additional countries world wide. In 2010, the company increased its net income by 10% from $824 million in 2009 to $1.16 billion in 2010. Yum Brands continues to show strong sales, profits, and growth. Yum Brands is the worldwide leader in multi branding, which offers consumers more choice and convenience at one restaurant location from a combination of KFC, Taco Bell, Pizza Hut, A&W or Long John Silver’s brands. Yum Brands also shows great Corporate Social Responsibility in the industry. Yum! Ranked #337 out of 500 on Newsweek’s 2010 Green Rankings U.S. list #62 on Corporate Social Responsibility Magazine’s 100 Best Corporate Citizens List of 2010, #33 in 2009. Yum Brands has cemented their products with unique taste differentiation by making their chains the leaders in the industry. A&W is Root Beer and KFC is fried chicken. Yum Brands has demonstrated a strong business plan and corporate goals for competing in the global market. Introduction Yum Brands holds a strong position as the number 2 company in the Food Service Industry. The food Service Industry is a necessary industry that will not see great change due to innovation or a new competitor entering the market. The market is strong and consistent based off consumer needs. The fast food industry is cheap and cost effective, providing excellent services to consumers at the lowest possible prices. Yum Brands is the world’s largest restaurant company with over 38,000 restaurants in more than 110 countries and territories and over 1 million employees. This shows the size of Yum Brands, a global presence that will continue to increase Yum Brands has also displayed global business and marketing strategies. * Build leading brands across China in every significant category * Drive aggressive international expansion and build strong brands everywhere * Dramatically improve U.S. brand positions, consistency and returns * Drive industry-leading, long-term shareholder and franchisee value David C Novak has been CEO of Yum Brands (YUM) for 6 years. Mr. Novak has been with the company for20 years. The 53 year old executive ranks 1 within Forbes rankings of highest paid restaurant CEO’s. While most consumers are unaware of the parent corporation, Yum Brands is silently taking a more controlling share of the global food industry. Its well-known brands include Pizza Hut, KFC, Taco-Bell, Long John Silver’s and A&W Restaurants. Yum Brands continue to show growth that will put it on par with the leader in the Food Service Industry, McDonalds? Despite having more locations than McDonalds, McDonalds annual revenue of $23.1 Billion dwarf Yum Brands at $11.3 Billion Overview of Yum Brands Yum! was created on October 7, 1997, as Tricon Global Restaurants, Inc. an independent company, as a result of a spin-outfrom PepsiCo, which owned and franchised the KFC, Pizza Hut, and Taco Bell brands worldwide. Because of the company’s previous relationship with Pepsi, Yum! Brands has a lifetime contract with PepsiCo, with notable exceptions being the contract of A&W Restaurants with Dr Pepper Snapple Group to be the exclusive restaurant provider of A&W Root Beer. Yum Brands is the world’s largest restaurant company with over 37,000 restaurants in more than 110 countries and territories. There is probably a Yum restaurant near you. Its well-known brands include Pizza Hut, KFC, Taco-Bell, Long John Silver’s and A&W Restaurants. There are 14,001 stores internationally including 3,664 locations in China. Yum has 17,476 stores in the U.S. A total of 77% are owned by franchisees. The company implements practices and procedures to maintain a high level of service including Customer Mania Training and CHAMPS (which measures operational basics like Cleanliness, Hospitality, Accuracy, Maintenance, Product Quality and Speed). A&W Restaurants, Inc., based in Louisville, Ky., is the longest running quick service franchise chain in America. Since 1919, A&W All-American Food has been serving a signature frosty mug root beer float and All-American pure-beef hamburgers and hot dogs. There are over 600 A&W All American Food outlets in 13 countries and territories around the world and nearly 600 points of distribution at Yum! Brands multibrand restaurants. There are approximately 344 A&W All-American Food restaurants in the U.S. and more than 290 in 11 other countries. KFC Corporation, based in Louisville, Ky., is the world’s most popular chicken restaurant chain specializing in Original Recipe, Extra Crispy and Colonel’s Crispy Strips with home-style sides, Honey BBQ Wings, and freshly made chicken sandwiches. Since its founding by Colonel Harland Sanders in 1952, KFC has been serving customers delicious, already-prepared complete family meals at affordable prices. There are over 12,000 KFC outlets in more than 102 countries and territories around the world serving some eight million customers each day. Long John Silver’s, Inc. based in Louisville, Ky., is the world’s largest quick-service seafood chain, specializing in batter-dipped fish, chicken, shrimp and hushpuppies. Inspired by Robert Louis Stevenson’s classic Treasure Island, Long John Silver’s was founded in 1969. Today, there are more than 1,000 Long John Silver’s, Inc. restaurants worldwide, and over 350 additional points of distribution in multibrand restaurants. Pizza Hut Inc., based in Dallas, Texas, is the world’s largest pizza restaurant company specializing in Pan Pizza, Thin ‘N Crispy pizza, Hand-Tossed Style Pizza and Stuffed Crust Pizza. There are more than 6,100 restaurants in the United States and more than 4,900 restaurants in over 92 countries and territories around the world. The company is the recognized leader in the pizza category. Taco Bell Corp. is the nation’s leading Mexican-style quick service restaurant chain serving tacos, burritos, signature Quesadillas, nachos and other specialty items. Taco Bell serves more than 35 million consumers each week in more than 5,100 restaurants in the U.S. Marketing Strategy Product Yum Brand is in the food service industry but they also look to market their restaurant chains, as individuals own 80% of Yum Brands restaurant chains. Yum Brands is the largest restaurant supplier of chicken, tacos, fish, and pizza to the consumer market and they sell very recognizable products. In their marketing of products, Yum Brands focuses less on individual products and more on the brand as a whole. After conducting comprehensible market research, Yum Brands found that the majority of people purchasing from one of their restaurants are not looking for a specific product. Yum Brands found that the majority of consumers choose Yum Brands because of their convenient locations, low prices, and the quality of food is high. KFC sells the most recognizable brand of chicken in the world, although they have many competitors, none of their competitors have as many locations or as much brand recognition as KFC. However, there have been some large selling Items, which Yum Brands has chosen to market individually, such as the KFC 12 piece bucket and Taco Bell’s Crunch Wrap Supreme. With large ticket items, Yum Brands has designed custom meal deals focused around these items. Instead of simply offering chips and a drink or a biscuit, Yum Brands has focused on supersized meals and the marketing strategy of getting the most for your money. They do this by supersizing the meals consumers purchase at a price increase that is both favorable to the consumer and beneficial to costs. Price The goal of Yum Brands is to compete at the lowest price possible and they do this by owning distribution centers around the world and controlling the process that food comes into one of their restaurants, from the farm to the customer. Because Yum Brands is the largest supplier of chicken, tacos, fish, and pizza to the market they have a competitive advantage over their competitors simply because they can move more product, thus they can provide lower prices. This industry’s customers are characterized as highly price sensitive so they can easily switch to a product that is like in quality and service but offered at a lower price. Also, switching costs are quite low. Customers do not have to incur any cost for not buying from a firm. Place Yum Brands has more physical locations than any other restaurant in the world. Yum Brands operates over 38,000 restaurants in 110 countries. Yum Brands has focused on convenience for all consumers in the structure of their restaurant chains. With large physical location presence in the market, Yum Brands can ensure stability as well as growth. Recent expansion into China has also proved to be a booming market for more physical locations and sales growth. Yum Brands continues to surge in revenue and market share with each additional restaurant opened in expanding markets such as China. Promotion Unlike competitors such as McDonalds who attempt to brand their products like the Big Mac, Yum Brands focuses on controlling the entire market. KFC chicken is an American cornerstone of culture. KFC dominates the chicken market because of the great reputation and wide brand recognition of Colonel Sanders. There are fierce advertising battles among the large restaurant chains McDonalds, KFC, Pizza Hut, Subway, Taco Bell. Because brand recognition and price so greatly affect consumers, marketers want to make customers aware of deals occurring at their chains. The Food Industry is one of the most heavily marketing industries in the world. In 2010, the fast food industry spent $4.2 Billion in advertising. Analysis Yum Brands has shown significant, consistent, large financial growth in the last year. (YUM) has a market cap of $23.99 billion with a price-to-earnings ratio of 20.75. The stock has traded in a 52-week range between $45.94 and $57.75. The stock is currently trading around $52. On July 14th, the company reported second quarter revenues of $2.82 billion, compared to revenues of $2.57 billion in the second quarter of 2010. Second quarter net income was $$1.16 billion compared to net income of $824 million in the second quarter of 2010. Yum Brands has shown significant financial growth over the past year, and projects continued growth and expansion through 2012. One of YUM’s competitors is McDonald’s Corporation (MCD). McDonald’s is currently trading around $90 with a market cap of $90.14 billion and a price-to-earnings ratio of 17.68. McDonalds pays a dividend that yields 2.8% versus YUM, whose dividend yields 2.2%. YUM is one of the largest food service company’s in the world. In 2010, the company increased its net income by 10% from $824 million in 2009 to $1.16 billion in 2010. YUM is an international company that is rapidly increasing its overseas earnings. In 2010, YUM took in $755 million from China while taking in $700 million in the United States. On September 15th Jim Cramer endorsed YUM. YUM has a policy of paying out 35 to 40% of its profits in dividends. Over the last five years, the company has done well and has increased its dividend by 34.7%. I believe that YUM will continue to increase earnings, and that the dividend and the stock price will follow. This ratio shows us the percentage of total assets made up by goodwill and other intangibles is called the Intangible Asset Ratio. Heiserman, creater of the ratio, says he views anything over 20% as worrisome, â€Å"because management might be overpaying for the acquisition or acquisitions that gave rise to the goodwill.† Yum! Brands has an intangible assets ratio of 11%. This is below Heiserman’s threshold, and a sign that any growth you see with the company is healthy (Moore). The strengths of Yum Brands is in their global reach and consistent financial growth. Also Yum Brands operates several large chains in a strategic move to diversify their assets and sales. However, their largest competitor McDonalds, has also shown significant financial growth and expansion. In 2010 McDonalds saw a global sales growth of 5.0% and earnings per share growth of 11%. Although, McDonalds is also showing large profits and increased growth, Yum Brands is increasing at a faster rate. Yum Brands saw a 10% growth in sales in just the third quarter of 2010. Yum Brands is a low cost leader in the food industry with unique taste differentiation. The wide availability and unbeatable values of Yum Brand chains make it convenient and affordable for customers to buy from Yum Brands. Yum Brands has cemented their products with unique taste differentiation by making their chains the leaders in the industry. A&W is Root Beer and KFC is fried chicken. Yum Brands has shown an excellent demonstration of Focus Strategies by not trying to compete with McDonalds. Yum Brands does not offer hamburgers, instead they have focused on cornering the market in Tacos, Fried Chicken, Pizza, Fish, and fountain beverages. This strategy is key to their continued growth. By letting McDonalds control burgers and fries, Yum Brands can slowly take control of all other consumer needs in the fast food industry. This strategy will lead to Yum Brands surpassing McDonalds because Yum Brands is showing much greater growth. However, McDonalds revenues are still much greater than Yum Brands. In 2010 McDonalds brought in $23.1Billion to Yum Brands $11.3 Billion. Yum Brands has great Corporate Social Responsibility and leads many initiatives around the globe. In Australia, KFC has been working on a Closed Loop recycling project for the past three years. This program has attracted never before seen government funding and is a world leading QSR recycling initiative. No other QSR in Australia (nor have we found elsewhere in world) is doing anything on this scale and impact. KFC has been awarded $400K from the Australian Packaging Covenant and state governments to go towards the infrastructure of the new â€Å"Split Bin† to support this initiative. In addition, 100 percent of waste oil is recycled. Yum! Ranked #337 out of 500 on Newsweek’s 2010 Green Rankings U.S. list #62 on Corporate Social Responsibility Magazine’s 100 Best Corporate Citizens List of 2010, #33 in 2009 The company is expected to enjoy a number of tailwinds in 2012 including lower interest expense due to favorable debt issuance over the past couple of years and retirement of the April 2011 bonds as well as around 20 million currency translation benefits in China. Although Yum’s market is exposed to risks, such as changes in interest rates such as food cost pressure, wage inflation in China, competition, unexpected margin pressure, inability to execute its growth plan, and food safety. Foreign currency exchange rate risks exist as international operating profit constitutes around 50% of the company’s operating profit. Key variable factors affecting the U.S. results include consumer spending, gasoline prices, housing market conditions, consumer credit, and stock market volatility. Taco Bell, which accounts for more than 60% of the total U.S. earnings, is presently the most important domestic brand. The recent Taco Bell lawsuit related to the content and quality of its beef products has negatively impacted the sales. Although, on April 18, Alabama-based Beasley Allen law firm voluntarily withdrew the allegation, YUM expects the negative impact to continue in 2012. KFC and Pizza Hut are the primary concepts, accounting for nearly 96% of total YUM restaurants within the YUM Restaurants International (YRI) division. Each concept offers sit-in as well as take-home options for customers. YUM has over 38,000 restaurants in over 110 countries. YUM is also a leader within the Quick Service Restaurants (QSR) industry in China, with over 3,500 restaurants in the region (i.e., Taiwan, Mainland China, and Thailand), more than 1,800 of which are located in Mainland China. Yum Brands is the worldwide leader in multi branding, which offers consumers more choice and convenience at one restaurant location from a combination of KFC, Taco Bell, Pizza Hut, A&W or Long John Silver’s brands. Yum Brands has seen substantial annual growth for the past 2 fiscal years. Yum has seen tremendous growth in china with over 50% of Yum’s income coming from outside of the United States. Yum is putting all its chips in China, and growth there was strong. Same store sales grew 19% in the quarter, compared with a 6% increase a year ago. Margins, though, eased and fell to 21.3%, from 25.2% a year ago. Operating profits surged 13% to $301 million. Store sales in the U.S. fell 3%, compared with a 1% gain a year ago, while operating profits hit $143 million, down 16% from a year ago. Internationally, the company earned $163 million (up 15%) and saw system sales growth increase by 13% (Fontevecchia). In May of 2011, Yum agreed to purchase Chinese hotpot chain Little Sheep for HK$4.56 billion. The deal spent more than 4 months in anti-trust review by the Chinese Ministry of Commerce, to determine whether or not the transaction would result in a monopolistic positioning of Yum in the country’s restaurant industry. The Chinese Ministry just approved the deal in November of 2011, according to Little Sheep representatives. This new acquisition should continue to increase growth in China. Yum recently raised its 2012 earnings per share forecast to $2.85, excluding one-time items, meaning growth of at least 13 percent, despite what Chief Executive David Novak said were â€Å"disappointing U.S. results. That compares to its previous forecast of a 12 percent gain. The forecast comes ahead of Yum’s annual investor day on November 30th and two months after the company sought to reassure Wall Street that business in China remained on track. With this reassurance, Yum will continue to expand, giving investors a strong reason to invest. The share price went up in response to this news (Reuters). In direct growth, Yum Brands far exceeds any other competition in the industry including their largest competitor, McDonalds. If Yum Brands continues this net growth, they are on par to surpass McDonalds, becoming the global leader in the Food Service Industry. The corporate structure of Yum Brands is strong, the company is continuing to increase employment opportunities and expand their staff. David C Novak has been CEO of Yum Brands (YUM) for 6 years. Mr. Novak has been with the company for 20 years. The board of trustees overseas consistent growth of the company and the core values of Yum Brands have served them well thus far in the Industry.

buy custom Catholics and Protestants Conflicts essay

buy custom Catholics and Protestants Conflicts essay Christian on Christian violence was evidence of the hypocrisy in the Christian society. The concern of Shakespeare in The Merchant of Venice was the Christian and state intolerance on religion. That is the Catholics Protestant Problem which he brings out gradually in the plot but in a hidden way to avoid government censorship and persecution because the State and the Church we cordially the same. He highlights the conversion of Shylock to Christianity but Coonradt give a different view on this issue. It was rare to find conversion to Christianity from Jews. "Coerced conversions were virtually unheard of in the various narratives circulating about Jews in sixteenth-century England" (Shapiro, 1996). Coonradt quotes from Shapiros works. Therefore it could not be addressing the Anti-Semitism sentiments but the problems of the Catholics and the Protestants. These are view that it was the conversion into Protestantism from Catholicism and from protestant to Catholicism. Shylocks conversion was supposed to show the Christian mercies but indeed it was representative of the English law forcing Catholics to the Protestant front and as the Catholics would reverse the practice leading to the evidence of the Christian Catholic tussle (Coonradt, 2007). Shakespeare never knew any Jews and The Merchant of Venice was written in a time when the Jews had been banished from England for over 300 years (Laster, 2010). The many examples we have seen from the essay suggest that look beyond the surface when approaching Shakespeares work, quite literally, the play's very appearance deceives us unless we venture to read "otherwise." Quoting Hamiltons idea to give closer scrutiny to the play, where her looks at the play from the usual terms as it contemplates with the Jewish Question but she gives in to the idea of Shylocks conversion to be real. If we critically study The Merchant of Venice we may see that Shakespeare tries to test our perception in a different way when we read otherwise. At the tie of writing the play it is clear Shakespeare never had the Jewish sentiments in Mind but just the cocooning of the idea in the play was important for his survivl (Laster, 2010).. So justification of the point of conversion to be for real should be in the context of Protestant to catholic and catholic to protestant since there were very few Jews in England at that time and they lived there secretly (Laster, 2010). Using this quote; "Where men enforcd do speak anything" (3.2.32). We analyze the idea of the way the issue of conversion is used as a ploy and again the reader or viewer may be deceived by the appearances on the surface where the surface being the image of Judaism in the play. It may be a possibility that Shakespeare uses deception in the entire play, presenting it as a Jewish play, an anti-Semitic play when it really is not here we are left to wonder if the conversion of Shylock is true or just by the surface we see and the words he spoke to allege acceptance. The viewer is left to wonder if he would practice his own Jewish secretly. This is because the choice of Christianity is done for him by the Elizabethans (Coonradt, 2007). "Uncanny causality" is portrayed by the anti-Semitism sentiments in the play which are just a shadow of the real concerns of the play. Using this no person could tell whether Shakespeare was a devoted Catholic, a Protestant convert, or a Jew but he effectively portrays the extent of the bloody battles waged between Protestants and Catholics in the name of Christ, in the name of justice, and in the name of love and how destructive they were. Shakespeares subversive use of anti-Semitism as a veil of conveying an ironic message about the moral decadence of religion and the hatred and the hypocrisy of Christian love and "mercy" as he saw it being practiced in England(Coonradt, 2007). In England there were very stringent rules that suppressed freedom of speech and there was danger of treason by any Citizen and not forgetting the Authors of different works. This called for veiling any political utterances both on stage in England and outside England at that time (Kottmann, 2007). This was a way of escaping government censorship. Viewers and readers should not let the play's obvious anti-Jewish sentiment cloud our reading of the drama because we can see this as a cover and part of the hidden message that can not be addressed openly in the volatile political atmosphere of Early Modern England. William Shakespeare uses these anti-Jewish sentiments that Shakespeare knew fully well that they would pass the scrutiny of the "government censor no one had a problem with maligning Jews, what was described by Shylock as "the badge of all Jewish tribe" 1.3.109 by Shakespeare. This enables him to comment indirectly about the Catholic- Protestant crisis without being censored an d he was not taken to be against the Government of the day and its religious acts (Asquith, 2005). The author also notes that many poets and playwrights had to bow out of writing after immense presser from the Government and many of them of them might have undergone some form of government pressure such as interrogation by the Privy Council to imprisonment, exile, even death and this explains why they receded in the years 1549-1667 and 1552-1663 which are regarded to have experienced high levels of unrest as a result of religious tensions between Catholics and Protestants and in this periods "treason" proved damning thus no one could risk. This is also evidence that the book The Merchant of Venice highlighted issues to do with the rift between the Catholics and Protestants(Coonradt, 2007). In my clear understanding of the play and clear analysis by Coonradt, I strongly believe that the plays sentiments were greatly based on the issues of the moment in England. The problems in England as a result of the problems between the Catholics and Protestants were much more evident than the Jewish question. Thus I would say Shakespeare used the deception on the issue Anti-Semitic issues to be able to convey to the audience the more sensitive issues of the time; the Catholic- Protestant Problem. This criticism has been more persuasive (Sparknotes, 2010). The works of William Shakespeare are mostly engulfed with ambiguous points of analysis and it is always for the interest of the author depending on the time of the publication of the work and also it serves the purpose of literature since it gives a chance for a book to address different issues in the society Buy custom Catholics and Protestants Conflicts essay

Exams Are Over Time to Recover

Exams Are Over Time to Recover Now that finals  are over, you’re probably distressing in whatever way you can. Unfortunately, a long night of drinking and debauchery may not be what your body and mind need to let go of the chemicals that your stressful exams have left in your brain. Instead of getting drunk and getting into trouble, it might be wise to understand exactly how stress affects you and learn some healthy (and fun) ways of relaxing from your exams. Stress Effect According to Nicky Hays, editor of Foundations of Psychology, exam stress effects can be intense, leading to worry, poor sleep habits, and decreased memory function. In fact, the more stressful the exam is, the more your body will produce adrenaline-related hormones to help you â€Å"fight† your fear. Extended periods of stress can have an effect on your body, too. The adrenaline hormones released during these times can cause your immune system to weaken, making you more susceptible to illness. It has even been shown to change the color of your hair. Post-Exam Stress: The Unsung Killer Unfortunately, just because your exams are over doesn’t mean that the stress is. In fact, recent research from the Journal of Behavioral Medicine shows that your cells may be less able to repair DNA after your exams are completed. In addition, there is a correlation between fear about the future and depression after a stressful exam week is completed. Wrong Way to Distress What’s the point of all this? The truth is, after you have completed stressful exams, your body is in a precarious position. Your immune system is lowered, your cells can’t respond as quickly or as well as you expected, and you are at a higher risk of becoming sick. This is the worst time to weaken your system even further with alcohol, drugs, or other risky behaviors. In fact, finals are a particularly bad time for both alcohol and drug-related â€Å"celebrations† and are statistically more likely times for college students to be victims of alcohol poisoning, violence, and rape. Not only that but recovering from exams with these kinds of behaviors can lead to suspension or expulsion from your school. Make Stress Go Away Here are some great alternatives to relieving finals’ stress that won’t hurt your pocketbook or your liver. Go on a short road trip with a few friends. You can get away from the campus, focus on doing something you love, and let your brain unwind.   You might be interested to check the list of  the cheapest summer destinations for students. Start an exercise program. This relieves the excess adrenaline that is trapped in your muscles and releases positive endorphins that won’t leave you hung over. Join a city sports club. Being involved in a sports team has all the benefits of exercising, but you also get to meet people who are interested in things you like to do, too. Go to a funny movie. Research from the University of Maryland has shown that laughter decreases stress levels and lowers blood pressure – especially if you’re watching it on the big screen. Listen to classical music. Soothing music has found to relieve stress on both the body and mind. Several studies have shown how it can lower blood pressure, improve mood, and even facilitate creativity! Make something crafty. Recent research from the Journal of Academic Medicine touts the de-stressing benefits of repetitive creation in activities such as knitting. These actions can release muscle tension, lower heart rate, and let the mind focus on something that is entirely stress-free. Perhaps, youll find these weird hobbies more exciting than regular knitting. Eat a banana. Researchers have found that eating these Vitamin B-infused fruits can alleviate the stresses on your nervous system. In addition, the natural sugars in bananas give your brain a small dose of endorphins, which staves off depression. See an old friend. A study published in Developmental Psychology stated that people who go through stressful situations with a good friend aren’t as damaged by it. That means, seeing a friend after exams might help alleviate your stress and make you feel better about yourself. Summary No matter how bad your final exams felt, remember that they are not the end of the world. Take care of your mind and body by relaxing in ways that will keep you healthy and safe. Not only will your body and mind feel better, but you won’t have any regrets to feel stressed about the morning after your last day of exams. How do you recover from stress and recuperate after exams? Share your tips in the comments below!

Individual research paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Individual research paper - Essay Example The business model followed by the company makes it a limited liability company. Other than real estate the company has trading interests and tends to export a few goods aboard such as generators, plastic products, utensils etc. but the mainstay for the company has been real estate. Like myriad other businesses in China, the Jia Nian Hua Company is a family managed venture. The current chief executive of the company, Jia Nian Hua has employed his family members in critical positions such as finance, sales and marketing in order to take advantage of their loyalty. A paternal work environment is apparent when one walks into the office as the employees look towards Mr. Jia as a fatherly figure. Mr. Jia was kind enough to allow some time for an interview concerning his business. When asked about the beginnings of the business, Mr. Jia related that he had begun dealing in real estate in the early nineties when he was employed as a government official in Beijing. In his own words, â€Å"having been associated with real estate early on I realized that China possessed immense potential for growth in coming decades. Therefore, I decided to open up a small real estate shop in Beijing to take my informal business idea to a complete business†. Being part of the government allowed Mr. Jia the critical information he required to expand into the real estate scenario because he was already well aware of where development would occur. He cited the case of new suburbs created around Beijing. Planning for development had begun in the late nineties but â€Å"acquisition of land had been slow due to fears of inflation in real estate if procurement was faster†. This indicates t hat Mr. Jia’s entry into the market as an entrepreneur was based on analytical evaluation that stemmed from information available only to select people in the Chinese government. Mr. Jia’s response also confirms the important assumption about entrepreneurs which states that entrepreneurs

Poor Customer Service Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Poor Customer Service - Essay Example They are after all paid for working for the primary stakeholder, the shareholder to create value and profit for him. It is incidental that for earning this profit, they have to be equally mindful of befitting the secondary stakeholders. Contrary to common belief, there are many stakeholders in the business apart from the shareholder or the stockholder. They are the employees, customers, suppliers, bankers and even the society at large who look for some benefit from the company, and in turn are also its well-wishers. The question is how to determine that the managers are acting in the best interest of the shareholders? One way is to read the annual financial results that reveal the results of their efforts in realizing profit and value for the owners of the company. But this does not reveal their competency level. The various audits and financial data only show that these are results of activities that have been checked for correctness but they do not reflect on what level of competence was exercised. The better and more comprehensive method is through Corporate Governance. The company is a legal entity and therefore has to enter into commercial transactions all the time for carrying on its business activities. These transactions are concluded by the managers on behalf of the company since the legal entity is not a person and needs agents to carry out these duties for it. This ability of the managers to enter into legal contracts and agreements makes them the agent of the company with the liability resting with the company. This situation gives rise to irresponsible behavior on the part of managers who do not carry the burden of any wrongdoing on their part. It is to control this likely misuse of power that Corporate Governance assumes importance. Business strategies and processes have to be tailor-made to serve every stakeholder. Similarly, Corporate Governance rules and processes have to encompass all activities that have a direct or indirect bearing on different stakeholders. It will not be far from the truth to say that the agency theory has little relevance on Corporate Governance. Â  

American Presidents Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

American Presidents - Assignment Example Out of the eighteen Republican presidents, only three of them were 50 years of age or less while seven presidents were elected on the Democratic party ticket with 50 years or less in age. Q4. The total number of presidents who were 50 years or less at their time of inauguration was 9. The number of American presidents who served one term or less was 23 out of the total 44 presidents. Most of these presidents were assassinated while still in office. Q5. Out of the 23 there was only one Republican president elected while less than 50 years of age and served less than one term. Q6. The American presidents who were elected on a Republican Party ticket and were over 50 years at their time of inauguration were 15. Q7. In the entire Us history, there were only nine presidents who were 50 years or less at the time of inauguration and out of these three were Republican and seven Democrats. Q8. There has been a total of 21 presidents in the US who served more than one term in office with one o f them going for three terms.

Company On Cadbury

Company On Cadbury As a result of our report, we have come to discover that there are various forces that affect the environment that is Cadbury and Freddo Frog, including political, economical, socio-cultural, technological and legal. We have also discovered that there are many levels of competition which include generic competition, product competition and brand competition, as well as the situational and group influences and individual characteristics of consumers. Various market segmentation approaches were explored, and involved demographic, psychographic and behavioural market segmentation. The ways in which the brand is perceived and positioned was also explored and identified, and were illustrated through the creation of a perceptual and positioning map. Our report also explored the communication tools that were used within Cadbury for its Freddo Frog product, and evaluated the effectiveness of campaigns in reaching the consumers and communicating with the public. 2.1 Introduction: Cadbury is a multi-national corporation, which produces essentially chocolate and confectionary products and operates in more than 60 countries.(Callus Cutler). According to IBISWorld, Krafts Cadbury products have majority of confectionary market share of 49% (2010), which makes it an interesting company to study. With specific attention to the tween market of children aged 6-13 years old, Cadburys Freddo was developed and has been a great success as a childrens chocolate due to its popular brand identity, taste, and initiatives such as fundraising, interactive computer gaming and the fact that it is packaged as an appealing product. Cadburys popular brand identity and market share has such an impact on the Australian chocolate industry making the Cadbury Freddo an interesting topic to study. Part A will discuss the Cadbury brand environment and its impact on marketing initiatives for the product Freddo. That, political factors, economical forces, socio-cultural factors and legal factors all play a significant role on marketing Freddo. Part B will observe the generic, product and brand levels of competition that Cadbury has been involved in; the situational, group and individual factors that influence the consumption of the brand; and, the demographic, psychographic and behavioural characteristics of the Freddo product tween target market. This section will observe why people purchase Freddo, brand identity, the role of packaging and the changing demographics of Australian lifestyle to healthy eating choices. Part C examine how Cadbury wants its product Freddo and its associated brand perceived by its target market and how the target market perceive Freddo and Cadbury. This will include the positioning statement that: Cadbury Freddo is aimed at ‘pre-teen children and their parents who only want to spend a couple of dollars on a small chocolate as an inexpensive treat or reward for good behaviour (Cadbury 2011). This section will show positioning and perception maps for the Freddo target market. Part D will explain the various tools that Cadbury has used to communicate its desired position to its tween market and will describe a communication campaign with specific reference to this market. This report will observe, as Cadburys Australia and New Zealand Managing Director, Mark Callaghan recognises, that Cadbury has been a big part of Aussies lives for almost 90 years, and underpinning this relationship has been the unbeatable taste of our chocolate and the affinity people feel for our brands† (Ellis 2010). 3.1 Part AKaitlin Ramsay (3863803) Cadbury is a multi-national corporation that operates in more than 60 countries, and employ over 46,000 people (Callus Cutler, 2010) As such an internationally renowned and utilised company, Cadbury is thus subject to many major forces within the business environment that affect and impact upon their marketing initiatives. These forces political, economic, socio-cultural, technological and legal forces. The political factors that can affect an organisation and its initiatives are the laws and regulations that the Government can impose, as well as the political stability of a nation, or indeed, the world. (Elliot et al, 2010, pg. 48) In the case of Cadbury, forces that have affected its environment include the Childrens Television Standards 2009. This meant for Cadbury that there were now advertising restrictions in place that negated them from being able to advertise their product, in any way that may mislead or deceive children, and must be perfectly clear and understandable for a typical child (Australian Government, 2010). This means that Cadbury and their marketing initiatives of Freddo Frog must adhere to these restrictions, and be careful about that way they promote their product to children. In promoting Freddo Frogs to children, they must also not promote HFSS (High fat, salt and sugar)(Hackford, 2010). Consequently Cadbury has to focus on sensible and appropriate ways to market Freddo Frogs to kids, that doesnt infringe upon these impositions. On the other hand, parents can now be more comfortable about the fact that their children are less likely to be targeted in deceptive marketing tactics that encourage kids to consume unhealthy products. This initiative is also helping to contribute to creating a healthier lifestyle for all Australians. The Economical forces impacting upon the environment of Cadbury and its product, Freddo Frog, include interest rates, income levels, levels of inflation and the level of unemployment (Elliot et al, 2010, pg. 49) One of the foremost impacts upon all companies throughout the world was the Global Financial Crisis. This caused an increase in interest rates, a rise in inflation, high unemployment and a lower income.An increase in interest rates may lead to an increase in prices for consumers; which in turn can negatively affect sales, as people during times of financial difficulty, may be reluctant to spend more money. A rise in interest rates may also cause a change in demand for products—which in this case, would mean a decrease in demand. It also means less capital for Cadbury—which may lead to the possible retrenchment of workers due to the inability of Cadbury to support a high number of employees. The impact of these economical forces mean Cadbury needs to focus on effectively utilising their resources during times of financial obscurity. This may mean spending less money on marketing, and more on other areas of production, as there is less capital to spread around to all areas of the company. Cadbury may be more productive and efficient in these times as they are forced to consume their resources in a cost-efficient manner. An interesting fact is that although people are less likely to buy luxury goods during times of hardship, Cadburys sales increased by 2% in 2009 during the GFC, as people bought chocolate as a source of comfort food (Despuez, 2009). Looked at from this perspective, it can be concluded that Cadbury may not have to be as concerned as one would think when people are financially inadequate, as chocolate becomes a popular product during such times. The Socio-Cultural factors that affect Cadbury and its Freddo Frog include the culture, values, attitudes, beliefs and trends of the public (Elliot et al, 2010, pg. 50). In todays society, there is an increasing trend towards video games and similar technology for younger people, as well as gravitation towards initiatives that are â€Å"green† or considered ethically responsible. In addition there is an ever-increasing importance placed on the social aspect of schooling—in terms of acquiring the latest trends in order to â€Å"fit in† with the other kids, whether this is with clothing, books, toys, food and drinks. These forces that affect the youth today mean Cadbury must integrate and take into account such factors when establishing their marketing initiatives. As a result of the increasing use of technology and computers amongst young people, which is now a generational characteristic, Cadbury introduced the Internet game â€Å"The Adventures of Freddo Frog†(2010). The exciting and interactive nature of the game enticed younger people to partake in the game, and has made the product increasingly popular for young people. Modern society values the idea of contributing to a cause or initiative that helps achieve something positive. People also like the idea of being associated with something that is ethically responsible, and Cadbury has achieved this through their Fairtrade Scheme â€Å"Which seeks to address the imbalance of power in trading relationships, unstable markets and the injustices of conventional trade(Cadbury, 2010) The fact that Cadbury is so invested in their Fairtrade scheme creates a positive image for them and all of their products, including Freddo Frog. There is an element of trust that Parents value and respect, and thus are more likely to buy Cadbury products for their children, due to their belief in the brand and its ethics. The social aspect of schools also impacts upon the nature of marketing initiatives of Cadbury and their products like Freddo Frogs. The fact that a child may be considered â€Å"cool† if they are associated with a chocolate that has its own representative game (The Adventures of Freddo Frog) means social factors are important for Cadbury. Cadburys success in the creation of the game is a result of their marketing initiative in the form of Internet gaming for kids. On the other hand, the fact that importance is placed on what kids bring to school is not exactly a healthy lesson to learn for kids, and the idea that food choices is incorporated into this is also not ideal, as kids may consume more than is necessary to achieve the desired social outcome. The technological forces that may affect the company environment include whether the technology can be used for innovation, whether distribution or communication can be improved using technology, the accelerating use of technology and the better standard of quality of products due to technology (Elliot et al, 2010, pg. 50). Technology is what has allowed for the creation of the online games, and is essentially the innovative tool used to create more interaction between children and the Cadbury Freddo Frog brand. The communication improvement between children and Freddo frog is essentially due to the improvement in technology over the years (Cadbury History, 2009). Not only has the increase in computer technology been ideal for Cadbury, but also production technology, as it has allowed for considerable growth and success for Cadbury and thus, Freddo Frog. The improvement in technology has allowed Cadbury with its Freddo Frog to compete again with Kinder Surprise. For a time, Kinder was dominating the market for childrens chocolates, as the toy inside the chocolate was very popular amongst kids. The introduction of the online Freddo Frog game however, allowed Cadbury to take back its reign as the top confectionary company. The fun and interactive nature of the game is contributed to making the product so popular. The ever increasing use of technology by Generation z (otherwise known as Generation @) means that Cadbury are reaching their target market in the most ideal and popular way. And the more and more children that use the Internet, the larger the chances are they will come across the Freddo Frog Adventure Game, and the likelihood of their buying the product (or their parents for them) increases. Although, on the other hand, kids are now spending more time in the virtual world of computer games, interacting with characters that dont exist, instead of being outside playing games and interacting with real people. Legal forces are a facet of the business environment that always has a large impact upon companies, as they essentially govern and direct the actions of a company, with laws and regulations (Elliot et al, 2010, pg. 51). These come from industry bodies such as the Advertising Standards Bureau and the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (ACCC). Companies, including Cadbury, must comply with laws and regulations such as the Fair Trading Act 1987 (NSW), the Competition and Consumer Act 2010, and the (Goods and Services Tax) Act 1999. These Acts essentially ensure that Cadbury acts in a fair manner, in relation to trade, production, workplace environment, employee treatment, taxes etc. As well as ensuring they comply with industry regulations to not deceive or mislead, or have the intention to deceive or mislead consumers, or behave in a way that does not adhere to any standards set by these regulatory bodies. The Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (2011) is responsible for dealing with matters in relation to competition, as well as the enforcement of the Competition and Consumer Act 2010. They are concerned with different areas including dealing with customers, dealing with other businesses, the running of the business in question, industry codes of conduct and professions competition. The ASB deals with issues including â€Å"use of language, the discriminatory portrayal of people, concern for children, portrayal of violence, sex, sexuality and nudity, and health and safety.† (NSW Government) There are more Commissions and Boards such as these that businesses have to be concerned about, although these are the most important and recognized. As such Cadbury has to market its product, Freddo Frog, and conduct business surrounding this product, in such a way that it does not mislead or deceive (neither parents/adults nor children), does not falsely misrepresent the product, and does not infringe upon any of the other aforementioned criteria for business conduct in relation to the Trade Practices Act, or the Fair Trading Act (ACCC, 2011). This will impact upon Freddo Frog, as they will be a legally responsible and trustworthy company, that can be relied upon by both consumers, suppliers etc. to produce a product that markets itself using only the approved methods. If a company is legally sound, they are generally thought to be an ethically/socially responsible entity as well. 3.2 References: Australian Government, 2010, Advertising to Children, accessed 26/4/11, http://www.acma.gov.au/WEB/STANDARD/pc=PC_91814 Australian Competition Consumer Commission 2011, For Consumers, accessed 28/4/11, http://www.accc.gov.au/content/index.phtml/itemId/815215 Australian Competition Consumer Commission 2011, For Businesses, accessed 30/4/11, http://www.accc.gov.au/content/index.phtml/itemId/815214 Callus, A, Cutler, D, 2010, Fact box: Cadbury vital statistics and history, accessed 26/4/11 http://www.reuters.com/article/2010/01/19/us-cadbury-factbox-idUSTRE60I1Jh30100119 Elliot, G, Rundle-Thiele, S Waller,D 2010, Marketing, John Wiley Sons Australia Ltd, Milton Queensland Cadbury 2011, Fairtrade Certified Cadbury Dairy Milk hits Australian shelves, accessed 27/4/11, http://www.cadbury.com.au/About-Cadbury/Fairtrade.aspx Cadbury History n.d., accessed 28/4/11, http://www.bizaims.com/coffee%20break/curiosities%20events%20funny/cadbury%20history Competition and Consumer Act 2010 (Cwlth) Despuez, N 2009, More People Buy Chocolate Amid Recession, Cadbury Sales Up, accessed 27/4/11, http://www.startupbizhub.com/more-people-buy-chocolate-amid-recession-cadbury-sales-up.htm Fair Trading Act 1987 (NSW) Hackford, C 2010, Sugar and Spice and All Things Nice: Advertising to Children, accessed 26/4/11, http://www.advertisingcompliancelaw.com/articles/hfss-foods/ NSW Government 2010, Fair Trading-Advertising, accessed 30/4/11, http://www.fairtrading.nsw.gov.au/Businesses/Advertising_and_marketing/Advertising.html 2010, The Adventures of Freddo and the Time Machine, accessed 27/4/11, http://www.freddo.com.au/ 4.1 Part B Madelin Robertson (3665926) Through effective marketing, Cadbury needs to make sure that they provide their target market with greater value then their opponents on different levels of competition. Cadbury works on the ‘Generic competition level by identifying that its consumers have alternative ways to meet their product needs and that this same want or need can be satisfied by substitution with quite different products (Elliot, G, et al, 2010, p.46). Today the market is highly competitive and companies are now competing against other segments of the marketplace with products such as snack foods, cakes, cereal and biscuits (IBISWorld 2010). These products are sometimes obtained at a cheaper price or offer more value for money. Cadbury aims to avoid generic competition by effective marketing of Cadbury chocolate and Freddo products to give them a prestigous and trusted image that is reasonably priced. Cadbury promote that the taste of its chocolate is superior to other common chocolate brands, that it is more enjoyable to eat compared to items such as biscuits, and that its price is similar if not reasonably priced compared to other confectionary and sweet products. ‘Product competition describes products that are broadly similar but have different benefits, features and prices that distinguish them from competing products (Elliot, G, et al, 2010, p.46). Cadbury chocolate and Freddo compete with a wide variety of confectionary products and children confectionary products in the Australian confectionary industry. Many of these products are chocolate or sweet based so they vary in flavour and product type. Some examples of products which Cadbury compete against are: Jelly lollies, hard boiled sweets, chocolate products, fine chocolate products which could all satisfy a consumer in the confectionary industry. According to IBISWorld in the confectionary industry Krafts Cadbury products have majority of confectionary market share of 49.1% (2010). Like other confectionary brands, Cadbury need to be innovative and differentiate their products, keep prices low and maintain their popular brand image to sustain consumer consumption through changing consumer tastes and dietary trends, for example, a price rise in chocolate may persuade consumers to switch to sugar-based confectionary instead (IBISWorld 2010). Cadbury contends with ‘Brand competition where many of its products are similar to other chocolate brands that offer the same benefits, features and price to the same target market. Childrens chocolate products such as Ferreros Kindersuprise, Mars Mars bar, MMs, and Nestle Smarties all target the pre-teen chocolate market in Australia. To emphasise brand image and acquire market share Cadbury works with initiatives such as supporting and sponsoring community events, fundraising initiatives and sporting groups, where Cadbury products are promoted and recognised within different communities and age groups (Cadbury 2011). Online, Cadburys Freddo interactive computer game, which children can play, helps to create demand for the product and give it a fun and prestige pre-teen confectionary brand identity over its competit ors (Cadbury 2011). Cadburys Australia and New Zealand Managing Director, Mark Callaghan recognises that Cadbury has been a big part of Aussies lives for almost 90 years, and underpinning this relationship has been the unbeatable taste of our chocolate and the affinity people feel for our brands† (Ellis 2010). Cadbury also uses individual branding of its products to give them their own identity and position in the marketplace, to reach its market segments, and to avoid confusion with other product brands. Situational influences are the circumstances a consumer finds his or herself in when making purchasing decisions. According to Elliot, principal situational influences may be classified as: physical: the characteristics of the location in which the purchase decision is made; social: the interactions with others at the time the purchase decision is made; time: the time available for a purchase decision; motivational: the reasons for the purchase; and mood: the mood of a person at the time of the purchase decision (et al, 2010, p.104). Confectionary items usually constitute an impulse purchase that is unplanned or spontaneous. The strategic presence of chocolate and confectionary in stores such as at the grocery store checkout or a vending machine signify purchases that may not have been considered or planned (IBISWorld 2010). Due to the nature of impulse buys, customers will not pay high prices for the items they did not originally intend to purchase so products such as Cadbury Freddo is relatively cheap retailing at around $1. In the current economic climate, high retail prices for children items such as toys may lead parents to buy cheaper items such as Freddo (IBISWorld 2010). When buying chocolate for children it is usually purchased as a reward for good behaviour or celebration. A retail outlet must have pleasant surroundings and be strategically placed to influence consumption. Group influences â€Å"comprise social factors (the influence of other people) and cultural factors (the influence of the values, beliefs and customs of the persons community)† (Elliot et al, 2010, p.106). The culture, subculture and social class of a group of people greatly influence buying behaviour. Increasing technology and production techniques, marketing techniques (such as interactive computer games) and environmentally friendly packaging, play a role in consumption of products and Freddo (Cadbury 2011). Cadbury has recognised the difference in generation gaps and has moved to consider this. Freddo uses modern pictures, symbols colour, packaging and a fun and happy image of Freddo to create consumer interest and to target its younger market. Cadbury promote its products as a friendly brand that is associated with family whilst being widely recognised and trusted. Freddo is also reasonably priced available to majority of the population. Many children and parents learn fr om others that Cadbury is a respected chocolate brand and identity that families enjoy and often pass this knowledge directly onto others, or indirectly by others observing use of the product. Individual factors relate to personal characteristics such as demographic factors, lifestyle and personality, and individual psychological characteristics such as motivation, perception, beliefs and attitudes and learning (Elliot et al, 2010, p.118). Individual motives such as hunger, to satisfy self with something sweet, or a treat for celebration are seen with the purchase of Freddo, however purchase of the product has been identified to impulse purchase (IBISWorld 2010). Cadbury aim to work on an individuals perception by shelving space (usually low or at eye sight where it is easy to see and reach) and packaging which shows bright and colourful tones, stylistic cartoon image of Freddo (which relates to children), legible writing, and the purple trademark colour of Cadbury which is widely acknowledged and brings consumer awareness. Cadbury ads reflect that its chocolate simply tastes good and uses this as a key element to marketing their product. The fact that Cadbury Freddo comes in a variety of flavours (strawberry, peppermint, dairy milk, top deck, white chocolate, rice crisp and caramello koala) also targets individual wants and taste and therefore targeting a wide range of people (Cadbury 2011). Although many people carry the belief that chocolate is not a healthy lifestyle choice, the new portion sizing and Freddo sizing is a well thought approach for children in todays lifestyle. The demographic segmentation of the target market is based on demographic variables related to the vital and social characteristics of populations such as age, education and income (Elliot et al, 2010, p.177). Cadbury Freddo are focused on the tween market segment (children aged 6-13) Generation Z and the parents of this generation, Generation X, for product consumption. Generation Z, the digital and technologic generation, present an age where children are typically focused on the internet, video games, social networking and mobile phones, hence earning the title digital natives (Elliot et al, 2010, p.177). The parents of Generation Z, Generation X, are also included in the target marketing of Freddo as these individuals are usually the ones who purchase the product. The economic climate of the Global Recession saw a dramatic fall in spending as unemployment grew, however consumption of chocolate and confectionary sustained according to IBISWorld as â€Å"consumers choose to indulg e themselves in inexpensive, ‘feel good luxuries such as candy and chocolate, in an attempt to ease more pressing concerns such as mortgage or loan repayments† (2010). The changing demographic of the average Australian household due to an ageing population and regulatory constraints are which are increasing in relation to product labelling, food safety and advertising may also put pressure on manufacturers. Psychographic segmentation is based on the psychographic variables of lifestyle, motives and personality attributes (Elliot et al, 2010, p.178). Increasing health awareness and lifestyle factors today majorly influence consumer consumption, as many people are aware that ‘junk foods are contributing to the increasing obesity rate in Australia and around the world. People are aware of the health risks and problems for themselves and their children and so aim to promote a healthy lifestyle through a balanced diet, exercise and health education. Because of the awareness between obesity and heart disease, and concerns about dental health, parents are less likely to buy chocolate products for their children, instead resorting to healthier food options or smaller portions (IBISWorld 2010). The growing popularity of low-fat diets are having an adverse effect on chocolate sales, whilst the opposite is happening for confectionary promoted on a healthy platform such as sugarless candy and gum and healthy substitute products such as snacks, cereals, nuts, yoghurt and fruit have seen a rise in demand (IBISWorld 2010). Organic products and dark chocolate are seen as a healthier option due to antioxidant content. The ethical consumer has influenced the shift towards sustainable methods of production with an emphasis on fair and equitable trading conditions and preferring fair trade chocolate brands. The behavioural market segmentation is based on actual purchase and/or consumption behaviours towards particular products and their variables, which include benefit expectations, brand loyalty, occasion, price sensitivity and volume usage (Elliot et al, 2010, p.181). As well as being the leading chocolate brand, Cadbury has been rated the most popular grocery brand of Australians in the Nielsens Company Top 100 Brands report (Ellis 2010). Many Australians are loyal to Cadbury products as they are a trusted brand with a popular identity. Parents know they can trust the quality of Cadbury products and that it will meet with their expectations. Typically parents with tweens, and tweens themselves are at the end of the purchase volume for Cadbury Freddo products (Cadbury 2011). It is a cheaper option then more expensive brands such as Lindt or Fererro products. The seasons, time of day and the scheduling of special events such as Easter, birthdays, and Christmas, influence confectionary consumption. Chocolate sales tend to be higher in cooler months (IBISWorld 2010). 4.2) References Cadbury Fundraiser accessed 04/05/11, http://www.fundraising.com.au/. Cadbury 2011, accessed 04/05/11, http://www.cadbury.com.au/. Freddo, accessed 20/04/11, http://www.cadbury.com.au/Products/Pre-teens-Confectionery/Freddo.aspx. Elliot, G, Rundle-Thiele, S Waller, D 2010, Marketing, John Wiley and Sons, Australia. Ellis, D 2010, Cadbury Named Australias Most Popular Grocery Brand, accessed 25/04/11, http://www.cadbury.com.au/About-Cadbury/News.aspx?newsID=133. IBISWorld Chocolate and confectionary manufacturing in Australia 2010, accessed 0 3/05/11, http://www.ibisworld.com.au/industryau/ataglance.aspx?indid=110. The nations favourite chocolate: Now Fairtrade Certified and on shelf throughout Australia, accessed 25/04/11, http://www.cadbury.com.au/About-Cadbury/News.aspx?newsID=134. Working together to make a difference in the community accessed 20/04/11, http://www.cadbury.com.au/Cadbury-Community.aspx. 5.1) Part C Tamara Nicol (4067137) In order for a product to be bought and ultimately perceived, evaluated and repurchased by the customer the business must first position the product so it is made available to the target market. Positioning involves how the brands name, logo, slogan and design are used to create a perceptual image of the product in the consumers mind. The product must be positioned so that customers who need, want and demand the product can have access to it and hopefully purchase it. Positioning is a very important element of target marketing as it decides how the customers will perceive the product and it requires a close understanding of the product, market and competitors. Positioning will determine whether the customers purchase the product, enjoy the product, if it meets expectations and whether they have a good experience with the product and plan of making a repurchase (Elliot et al, 2010). Perception is an outcome of the positioning. It is a psychological response to diverse stimuli. It includes the persons sensory experience, that is, smell, taste, touch, sight and hearing (Elliot et al, 2010). The consumers perception of the Cadbury Freddo would involve a variety of senses. People will evaluate this product on the grounds of, most importantly, taste but also smell and looks, if the packaging and actual product is aesthetically pleasing. Cadburys official website has the Freddo Frog filed under â€Å"Pre-Teen Confectionery† as the product is aimed at younger children, the product must be positioned towards the children as well as the parents or care givers who will most likely buy the product or give the child permission to buy it themselves (Cadbury, 2011). Cadbury implements positioning strategies in order to influence the consumers perception of the Freddo Frog. The Freddo Frog is sold in many stores country wide including supermarkets, petrol stations and corner stores (Observation). By doing the Cadbury positions the product as accessible and popular. Cadbury would like the Freddo to be perceived as at treat but also something that can be enjoyed frequently for a low cost. As a Freddo review states, â€Å"There are two reasons for cheapness; Number One so that children can afford to buy said treat with their pocket money and Number Two so that when children are harassing their mothers for sweets in the supermarket they can hold up the product and their mothers will give in because it is so cheap. Cadbury has such a product in the form of the Freddo.† (Ciao, 2004) Cadbury wishes for the Freddo Frog to be seen as a snack or treat that encourages children to buy it or pester their parents to buy it for them. As unhealthy products aimed at younger children