Manging Communication Knowledge and Information - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 18 Words: 5297 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/09/13 Category Advertising Essay Did you like this example? INTRODUCTION Information or processed data is essential for any action we take. For example when we are travelling in the road somebody can be gifted with knowing the data such as names of the roads and the direction, but to use it he or she should use this to make the map which can be considered as the information gathered. The knowledge he or she has on using the map correctly to take the decision of choosing the correct road to travel in. which will be stored the person’s mind as wisdom. Whenever he or she wants to repeat the procedure without starting from the first with the gathered wisdom he or she can work out. The same theory applies when carrying out a business. The presence of correct information and the use of correct knowledge in effective decision making. [pic] (Sunday, September 05, 2010 https://www. systems-thinking. org/dikw/dikw. htm. ) 1. INFORMATION AND KNOWLEDGE 2. 1 USEFUL INFORMATION NEEDED As in all other organisations the mobile manufacturing organisation too has divided the organisation into separate departments. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Manging Communication Knowledge and Information" essay for you Create order Important data from all departments add up to produce important information needed for effective decision making. 2. 1. 1 PAST INFORMATION †¢ The amount of mobiles manufactured within the last five years- by taking and analysing the amount of mobiles manufactured per year in past the five years, information of whether the number of mobiles manufactured has reduced or increased can be gathered. If reduced by what percentage, if increased by what percentage can also be found. The specific years with a drastic increase or a reduction can also be gathered. The variation done for the quality of the mobiles in past five years- any records of increments in the mobiles during the past years will give the information of the intensity the attention the company has given to the quality of the products. †¢ Sales within past five years- the separate figures of the sales of past years together displayed will give the information whether the sales has declined or not. The percentage or th e depth of the angle of decline or increase with the consecutive years is presented. The profits and losses report of the past five years performance- the information of the amounts of profits gained is gathered. That is the decrease or the increased amount of profit with the year. And also is the company has faced any losses and the percentage amount of increased profits and losses can also be found. †¢ The success of the marketing plans implemented in the past- important information about one of the company’s strategies laid within past years is reviled for analysing purpose. Information such as the mistakes, new ideas and so on can be gathered by analysing information produced marketing plans. †¢ Customer feedbacks recorded in the past five years- this will give the most important part for the decision making statements, because all the plans to lay should be based to satisfy the customers. The past records of ant customer feedback will indirectly give information of customer satisfaction over the years. †¢ The most sold model through out existence- the most sold model information will give the model sold and the details of that model. Therefore when choosing the features to be added the decisions makers can make a successful decision. 2. 1. 2 PRESENT INFORMATION †¢ Present manufacturing model with the highest demand- the product details the contribution towards the total revenue the model alone are information that will be important on deciding the features to be added, the quality increments. †¢ Current raw material used details and supplier details- the data provided will act as a test for the suppliers and the raw materials they offer. The need for changes of the raw materials or suppliers can be taken form this. In stock excess amount of mobiles present- the information about the amount of unsold mobiles phones in the organisation can be used by the decision makers to decide on the whether the manufacturing targets should be reduced. Whether there are specific models that need to be eliminated from the manufacturing process. †¢ Technology and machines used at present- this information will great ly help a decision that should be made in differentiation of the mobile quality. Because if the technology and machines used are old then obliviously the quality of the mobiles are low. Do we have enough cash in hand for further production- since the organisation has faced a dramatic sales decline the decisions made to be implemented as a remedy for the cause should be worth trying to make it a success. Laying new strategies will definitely mean more marketing and distribution. And also money should be there to carry out a research on the progress of the strategy laid. Therefore Prior notice of giving information about the how much the organisation can implement will help the organisation to make effective decisions. The number of competitors in the market- information produced from a study about the competitors in the market is the most important when making a decision. Competitors with the largest threat, the competitors products, the new entries are some important information a s trategic level can use when laying term plans. †¢ The most famous ten models in the market at present- information about the company standard in the outer world (market) the level of the mobiles manufactured in the Market can be determined. Comparison between mobile models in the market with the organisation products is also a good method of gathering information on competitor products. †¢ The customer feedback method used at present- if the customer feedback method used is not reliable the organisation will get false information and will not be able to create the mobiles to carter the expected market. The customers will not be bothered to buy the product they produced for them. Therefore an inquiry about the system and methods used for assessing customer feedback is necessary. 2. 1. 3 FUTURE INFORMATION The future information lies with the decision made by the strategic level of the organisation. Therefore basically the future information will include the following- †¢ The new marketing plan- all information about the seven Ps will have to distribute among all departments. This will provide important information to all departments to carry on with the future performance. (Seven Ps include details of product, promotions, place, pricing, people, physical evidence, and process) †¢ Whether the quality of the phones are going be increased- specifically information of whether he quality is to be increased or not, how to increased to contain what should be provided to relative departments. Ex- without having this information the production department will not be able manufacture the expected product, the finance department will not be able to allocate the exact expected amount. †¢ The new technology to be used- this information is related to the previously mentioned informat ion the producers of the mobile phone should know what technology is be used. Whether it’s new or same as used. If new how to use and combine with manufacturing process. The forecasted amount of sales for the coming years- the expected sales is important information that should be produced to all departments. Since all departments should set it as the goal and should work towards it. 2. 2 KNOWLEDGE NEEDED The understanding one gets from the information read or analysed can be considered as the explicit knowledge gained. Members of the strategic and tactical level will get explicit knowledge about the organisation performance over the years and the performance of the competitors by analysing the above mentioned information. For example- when the members go through information like the sales of the past five years, the percentage of customer satisfaction, the most sold model over the past years, the number of each model most demanding models, the present sales and present most demanded model and so on information will give the members the explicit knowledge of whether the sales have increased or decreased over the past years, the amount it has decreased and so on. The information like the competitors in the market before five years and at present, the customer satisfaction, and most famous ten mobile models sold in the market will give the members a clear explicit knowledge of the customer preferences and the competition in the market. With gained explicit knowledge the ability to use the gained knowledge effectively will be aided by the tacit knowledge the members will have. The addition of both will produce very effective decision. When the competition is high the knowledge of having to do something to get the sales increased is tacit knowledge. The members usually get these through experience. That is if the sale are down by a small percentage the members should know what to do exactly. Implementing strategies diversification will be a in vain waste of resources. The choosing of correct method to be applied at the correct time is decided by the tacit knowledge. No body can write a book about what strategy is best for what situation. The situations coming are not exactly the same but may be similar. So past implementation failures and achievements will help the members to decide on an effective strategy/method to be implemented. A good balance of explicit knowledge and tacit knowledge together with the information gathered will create innovative and effective decisions. (* appendix 01 definitions of past, present and future information) (* appendix 02 definitions of explicit and tacit knowledge) 3. 0 DECISIONS TO BE TAKEN [pic] (* appendix 03- description of diagram) Decisions are usually taken in this manner but sometimes the strategic has to go for all three decisions so is the tactical level and sometimes the authority for small matters to take all three decisions types is given. But the probability is high as shown in taking decisions. STATEGIC LEVEL DECISIONS †¢ Financial strength- taking into account the information gathered on financial aspects the decision of whether the finance in store is enough to introduce increased quality products or more featured products or any other plan should be decided by the strategic level. The determination of financial strength has a particular pattern therefore it’s a structured decision. †¢ Increasing product quality or not-on information gathered about product of organisation and other competitor’s mobiles, the level the organisation present mobiles, variation of quality a decision of whether the product quality should be increased or not should be taken. This the exact way of analysing and increasing quality of a product is not recorded; therefore it’s an unstructured decision. Adding new features or not similar to the above decision. On information gathered about organisational mobiles and other mobiles, customer feedbacks a decision of whether the features should be increased or not, whether it should be increased together with the quality are decisions to make. The procedure of such decision making is not specified anywhere therefore it’s an unstructured decision. Technology to upgraded or not-with the need to increase the sale s of the mobiles manufactured strategic level should take decisions about whether technology should be upgraded whether it will help increase sales should be taken. The decision of whether the technology is worth or not has a procedure but how upgrade is not specified therefore it’s a semi structured decision. †¢ Sales target of the coming five years (profit expected)– how many products should be sold and the expected revenue for the coming five years should be decided by the strategic level. This decision is made by the strategic level for all years of existence of the organisation therefore even though the procedure is not recorded there will be a created procedure, it’s a structured decision. TACTICAL DECISIONS †¢ How to increase quality if the strategic level takes the decision to increase the quality should be decided by the tactical level managers. Is it best to increase the picture quality, camera quality, sound or games, should all the models be upgraded or is it best to choose some models are decisions associated. The information about best sold models can aid this decision. Decision is semi-structured. †¢ What features to add- similar to the above decision, with the strategic level decision the tactical level should decide on what are the features to be added, dual sim support, spying camera or any other feature. This decision is a semi-structured decision. †¢ Colour, style and name of the products to enter with increased quality or features- the package, the appearance and the outer designing of the mobiles should be decided before manufacturing. Whether the mobiles will have several colours for the same model, or one colour for one model, which is the most attractive appearance will be decided. This decision is structured because it has a specific procedure. This decision has been made for all the mobiles created in the organisation. †¢ Is the labour skills efficient to move on- after deciding on the above decision the tactical level should be evaluate the employee power to carry on. Since the tactical level is the losest to the operational level so they should decide whether the existing work force and the talent is enough to implement the strategies. OPERATIONAL DECISIONS †¢ The standard of the present technology and machines- the operational level decisions are all connected with the operations done by them. So if a decision of increasing the quality and features is passed by the strategic and tactical level with specific features and quality increments the operational level should analysis the ability of the cu rrent technology and machines. If it’s not enough if they can do a better job they have to take the decision to upgrade the technology used and machines. †¢ Are the raw materials enough for the production with increased quality and changes and to match the set targets- sometimes the raw materials may not be enough to produce mobiles with increased quality, ordering for new raw materials may be needed to enter the new features to the mobile phones. So decision of the amount to re order and from which supplier to reorder is taken by the operational level employees. The daily tasks are usually decided by the operational level employees- when the monthly target is assigned by the tactical level the daily targets are decided by the operational level employees. Since they do not work all days of the month there own decisions of daily targets are set (mostly by employees of the production department) The operational level employees take decisions on daily done tasks. Operational level employees have a smaller percentage of power and authority when compared to tactical level and strategic level therefore they are given with a specific procedure to follow when taking the possible decisions. All most decisions are structured. 4. 0 INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL SOURCES OF INFORMATION AND UNDERSTANDING 4. 1 INTERNAL SOURCES AND INFORMATION Internal information is the information generated from within the organisation itself. The sources of internal information can be usually categorized as follows- †¢ Account ledgers- these usually include all details of the finance transaction taken place within and with the involvement of the organisation during the years of existence. This nformation also includes things like the budgets, the financial growth over the years, the financial stability at present is also provided. The account ledgers are generated by the accounts/finance department of the organisation. †¢ Production department- the information passed through this section involves with the information about the product produced, the raw materials needed, the supplier details, the in stock number of mobiles, technologies used and so on. The sales information is some to some extent passed by this section. Marketing department- the reports from this section usually include information such as the current promotions, record of customer feedbacks collected over the past years, the past marketing plans implemented and success and failures, the annual cost spent of marketing purposes per year by the organisation are internal information produced by the marketing department records. †¢ Human resources department- the information gathered from this section mainly in connected with the human resources in the organisation. The amount of new recruits taken, the network or technology analysts taken, the turnover amount over the years of existence, the number of employee in each department, the cost allocated for the maintaining and training the staff are information that will provided this internal source. †¢ Research and development department- the number of researches done during the past years, the cost allocated and invested amounts, the developments done for the mobile phones in the past years are some internal information produced by this department records. Information produced and collected through internal sources are ninety percent reliable. Most of the information is formal information. That is they are gathered from reports, official documents recorded statements and so on. So the information gathered via internal sources has a higher accuracy and reliability than information from external sources. 4. 2 EXTERNAL SOURCES AND INFORMATION External information is collected from outside the organisation sources. Some of the external sources are mentioned below- †¢ Annual reports of competitors-competitor details, the progress of the competitors, there stakeholders and other details of competitors can be taken from the annual reports produced. Word of mouth- these are rumours. Rumours about the organisation product, the competitor products are sometimes taken form rumours. The faults of products and organisations almost all time fly around in rumours. †¢ Government and central bank reports produced- another important external source of information. Form central bank reports produced the organisation can check the s tatus if the business environment. How the telecommunication industry has survived in certain countries. As an international mobile manufacturer the ability to enter into countries can be foreseen by these reports. Newspapers/magazines- sometimes the magazines and newspapers carry out quiz and questionnaires about customer preferences. This information can be used to determine the performance of the mobiles of the organisation plus sometimes prediction about the customer taste can be determined which will help in future productions. †¢ Websites of competitors- similar to the annual reports, but this will give more needed information such the services provided, the product details, the countries they have entered, the prices and many other comparable information can be gathered. . 0 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR IMPROVEMENT As a mobile manufacturing organisation information has a vital part not only on decision making about product but information can be used for the growth of the organis ation. So as a recommendation for improvement the organisation can implement a transaction processing system(TPS),management information system, Executive information system(EIS)and a knowledge work system(KWS). By implementing a management information system (MIS) all internal information mentioned under the above topics can be viewed by less than an hour. All internal information systems are integrated and produces long periodic reports for managers including past and present information by management information systems. This system is usually used by the tactical level managers. The entry point of the information is from the Transaction process system (TPS) which is another information system used to enter data into the MIS. The operational level is usually entering the data. The reports such as monthly sales reports are produced. A sale report will show the The KWS and EIS are most important for the strategic level to make decisions for the future. The EIS integrates all internal information plus external information. By entering the information gathered from EIS to KWS new knowledge and possibilities will be shown. By taking the knowledge given by KWS new decisions to be made can be entered into EIS and view the results by the simulation facility provided by the EIS. Mobile manufacturing is connected with the technology. The technology is changing minute by minute so to match the dynamic changes in the environment the mobile manufacturing company should come up with innovative products therefore presence and use of knowledge providing database will be very helpful in decision making and the growth of the organisation. (Testing) Another service that can be provided by the organisation to customers to ensure better sales is by providing a personalized product manufacturing process via the internet. The organisation can start a webpage or an email address for customers to place orders. The features possible to be combined, the colours possible, designs along with the price for each can be displayed to the customers. The customer can be given the privilege to design the wanted phone plus the quantity need and the place the order. After which the products are delivered to any place of the world. Providing of this service also is helped if information systems are added to the working system of the organisation. Since the mobile manufacturing is connected with the technology they can enter into producing other technological products such as laptops, data transfers and so on. This can be considered as product development strategy. The number of products the customers can reach the organisation will increase. As are result the organisation revenue will increase. So even if the sale of one product is done the revenue from the others will be enough to manage the organisation until the problem is settled and hence will not disturb the company growth. These are the recommendations for improvement for the international mobile manufacturing company. 6. 0 MAINTAINING RELATIONSHIPS WITH KEY STAKEHOLDERS Strong relationships can be compared to a chemical bond, when together very strong if alone very weak. Therefore stakeholders and organisations hold the same picture. The stakeholders are the better half of any business organisation. 6. 0. 1 STAKEHOLDERS Stakeholders are all who are influenced and are influencing a business are called as stakeholders. The many stakeholders an organisation has can be categorized as shown. [pic] Out of the many stakeholders an organisation has the key stakeholders are the most important stakeholder group for an organisation. The key stakeholders identified are customers, suppliers, Board of director/chairman, Shareholders/investors, and Partners. 6. 0. 2 RELATIONSHIPS Stakeholder relationships are very important to all organisations. The relationships can be building and maintained with networking, networking is staying in touch with every one. For networks to exist the relationships should be healthy. For any relationship to be healthy and least survive the parties involved in the relationship should be satisfied. For example- if the customers are not satisfied with the organisation product the customers will not respond for any interaction made by the company. Special since the organisation is producing a good, mobiles, that customers purchase for daily usage for along period of time. If the organisation fails to fulfil their expectations and make the customers satisfied the customer-organisation relationship will not last long and to satisfy the organisation should understand them. The same is true for all other key stakeholders. If the stakeholders are dissatisfied at heart so will be the relationship. Another very important aspect in relationship maintaining is the respect each party gives and gets from the each other. Therefore organisation should respect the key stakeholders in all matters to keep and maintain a good relationship. For example-suppose a supplier doesn’t deliver goods at the given time from a time of few months. But the suppliers supplies high in quality raw materials always. If the organisation calls the supplier and blames him/her in an unrespectable way without even asking the reason for the delay, the respect of the supplier towards the organisation will vanish. Maybe the delay was because of a hospitalization or a funeral in the family. Instead if the organisation has inspected about the matter, and if the case was due to a funeral or hospitalization a get ell soon card a sympathy card sent would have increased the respect the organisation will get form that supplier. The relationship which was built will remain strongly if respect is given. Response can piece of puzzle to maintain corporate relationships with key stakeholders. The response is an expectation in a relationship. For example- if we take a partner (software developing companies and vendors are examples of partners of a m obile manufacturing company), due to the relationship created may call or visit and ask help on a certain matter. Just because the matter isn’t affecting the organisation the bodies of the organisation should turn him/her down. Whether connected or not save some time to help the partner off the matter by answering the question. When a response expected is given, the stakeholders will feel that they are important to the organisation and hence will think that the organisation is important to them too. Always try to involve as many key stakeholders as possible for important events. For example- a major supplier or two, a major partner or two can be invited to attend the annual meeting of the organisation. A major customer can be invited too, and even asked to do a presentation about his/her perception of the organisation mobile phones. Making the key stakeholders involve in important events of the organisation will enhance the relationships. To maintain a relationship with all the above mentioned points the organisation should firstly establish a method for continuous interaction between stakeholders. With continuous interaction between the stakeholders and organisation can fulfil all point to maintain a healthy relationship. With continuous interaction a lot of information can be communicated to the stakeholders and from the stakeholders. This is most important in the relationship with the shareholders/investors and for the board of directors. The shareholders and investors can be given the information and benefits of investing, by the information flow to and from the board of directors the other members will be given the correction intention of what is expected. Relationships between stakeholders and organisations are very important. By maintaining relationships the organisation can become a key stakeholder of them. 7. 0 RELATIONSHIP BENEFITS FOR ORGANISATION AND DECISION MAKING Customers- customer-organisation can provide with great tips when the strategic level s making decisions. When the organisation is maintaining a good relationship with the customers they have trust in the organisation. Due to this trust customers may tend to give suggestions for the future. Since the customers are the ones that use the mobiles manufactured their suggestion will help the organisation in taking strategic decision of introducing a new mobile or entering into another market. Sometimes the customers can give more precise information about what the market appreciates about the competitor products which too helps the strategic decisions. Suppliers- the suppliers are important to the organisation. f the organisation is able to make themselves a stakeholder of the suppliers, sometimes if the organisation is need of some extra raw material just mentioning it to some of the major suppliers, one of them might agree to supply that raw material too since both have trust on each other. Sometimes they cam suggest on better raw materials which can be used in the place instead for a cheaper price. Indirectly helping the organisation for the strategic decision of investing methods. Board of directors/chairman- are usually involved the strategic level decision making. Beside them there are senior managers included in the decision making. Sometimes the manager’s doesn’t understand the directors much due the lack of interaction. They hold grudges and tend not to take part in decision making much. But with a good relationship suggestions will flow both ways and effective strategic decision can be made/ Shareholders/investors- shareholders and investors, these stakeholders may sometimes be stakeholders of other organisations too. During informal conversations sometimes information about the benefits they get from other organisations when investing can be mentioned. These may act as tips when strategic level is laying plans to please their investors and stakeholders. Partners- there can be many partners for an international mobile manufacturing organisation. Like the customers the partners can give suggestion for market development (entering a new market) and product development (introducing new products) decisions. For example- mobiles nowadays are more technology and software based. A software developing organisation (who is partner) can suggest on new software possible to be integrated into a mobile phone. BENEFITS FOR THE ORGANISATION Not only will the stakeholder relationships help strategic level to make decisions but the benefits of the relationships will be reflected on the organisation too. Firstly by maintaining relationships both organisation and stakeholders benefit. For example consider the supplier-organisation relationship explained above. There the supplier will benefit by getting another order, the organisation will benefit by having a new raw materials at cheaper price. Maintaining relationships will have mutual benefits. Due to the relationships as shown above several suggestions can be made by several stakeholders. By this the organisation can make more practical and sure to success decisions, hence helping the business organisation to make effective decisions. By taking effective decisions organisation can reduce the wastage of finance. For instance consider the customer-organisation relationship and helping the decision making example, suggestion are so more correct matching decisions are made, the cost spent for implementing the decision will not be wasted. Therefore maintaining relationships will be cost effective to the organisation. With all the information flowing from customers, investors and others about the competitor the organisation can be competitive by making by creating innovative mobiles. Differentiations will keep the organisation as a competitor for other and will help it to survive in the market. By effective decisions made, and with the cost effective the organisation will gain, the organisation will have increased profits; the return on investment will be higher. Most of all the organisations need stakeholders for the on going of the organisation, during good tome and bad times. The relationships will ensure that the stakeholders will remain with the organisation during the bad days too. Specially will be important for the organisation in time as mentioned, where the sales declining and needs to take an important decision to ruse up. 8. 0 STRATEGIES FOR IMPROVEMENT The following are some strategies the organisation can implement to create and maintain corporate relationships- †¢ Web page- the organisation can introduce a web page for the organisation. Where the customers can visit and learn about all the products and facilities they provide with their mobiles phones. So the customers will not be cheated by any shops or agents world wide who are selling the mobiles. The customers visiting can be asked to enter the email address. So questionnaires, quizzes offers and many more information can be exchanged to and fro. Hence creating respect ad loyalty in customers, building up a relationship. †¢ Special offers for suppliers- a once a years or once a two years bonus scheme for the amount of raw materials supplied can be arranged by the organisation. This will create and enhance the relationships. The organisation can send greeting for seasons for major suppliers enhancing relationships. Get together- organisation can introduce the get together at least once years for the partners and organisation strategic managers. Here the partners and strategic managers will be a chance to interact freely out of business talks. Getting to know the non business personnel within the organisation will create respect in the hearts of partners and hence will make the relationships healthily. †¢ Official meetings. Official meeting or conferences can be arranged once a six month, so the tactical and operational level will get to meet the board of directors. The interaction created will and information flowed both ways will make the board of directors to understand the employees of all levels and they will get to understand the board of director and hence enhancing the relationship of board of directors towards the organisation. †¢ Customer member card- the organisation can present customer membership cards for all customers who are purchase straight from the agents. Where they can be given the service of producing the member card and get discounts of repairs, next purchase (from the same organisation) and so on. The discount amount can be increased with age of their customer membership card. Hence creating a relationship with the customers. 9. 0 CONCLUSION 10. 0 RECCOMENDATION 11. 0 REFFERENCE 12. 0 APPENDIX KNOWLEGDE EXPLICIT TACIT SEMI-STRUCTURED STRUCTURED OPERATIONAL UNSTRUCTURED SEMI-STRUCTURED STRUCTRURED ORGANISATIONAL OPERATIONAL TACTICAL STRATEGIC i i FIGURE 03- DECISIONS DECISIONS UNSTRUCTURED FIGURE 05- DECISION MAKING KEY STAKEHOLDERS Customers Suppliers Board of Directors Shareholder/investors Partners Government Employees Pressure groups Media HIGH POWER LOW LOW HIGH INTEREST FIGURE 05 –STAKEHOLDER MAPPING

Ideas, Formulas and Shortcuts for Medical School Admission Essay

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Aim of Education I believe that the aim of education is to provide students with opportunities of content learning and self-learningRead MoreEssay on The Effect of Birth Order on Learning and Development1225 Words   |  5 Pagespersonality theorist, often studied the issue of birth order. He believed that â€Å"the demands of each birth order position typically, but not inevitably, structure the way the parents treat the child and help define the child’s resulting personality,† (Parker, 1998, p.29). Frank Sulloway, author of the book â€Å"Born to Rebel: Birth Order, Family Dynamics, and Creative Lives,† states: Siblings compete with one another to secure physical, emotional, and intellectual resources from parents. Depending on differencesRead MoreCompany Analysis : Caterpillar Inc Company1638 Words   |  7 Pageslivable world while accommodating stockholders financially. Caterpillar accomplishes strategic goals through superior results by investing in the company as a structurally strong long-term company with total shareholder return in the top 25% of the SP 500 (Strategy, n.d.). Team structure is secure while being an all-encompassing work environment. Caterpillar maintains global leadership by thriving over competitors while offering paramount results. Core Competencies Caterpillar utilizes a 35-pageRead MoreEssay on Let’s Put an End to Corporate Power and Greed666 Words   |  3 Pagesturned into a ghost town with poverty taking its toll on the common people. The rich got richer, while the poor became poorer. By this time the conditions had become so bad that the Money Magazine described Flint as the worst American city to live in. John Grisham (My Turn: Somewhere For Everyone) also agrees with how homelessness as a problem is now not going away. Relegated to minimum wage jobs these people have very little choices left. In ‘Pets or Meat: The return to Flint,’ Michael Moore continuesRead MoreNative American in the Civial War1380 Words   |  6 PagesChickasaws, Seminoles, Quapous, Senecas, Caddos, Wichita, Osages, and the Shawnees signed a treaty of alliance with the Confederacy (Johansen p. 124). Many Native Americans from the Five Civilized Tribes agree upon the treaty because the conditions for the treaty was that all Native Americans formally resigned in their territory had to â€Å"support the confederacy,† (Invine p.334). But the Native American soldiers were not obligated to fight outside their indian territory. Within two years the treaty was slowlyRead MoreThe Underground Railroad1145 Words   |  5 Pagescome and witness history (Safe Passage). Another famous abolitionist from Ohio was John Rankin. The National Park Service states that John Rankin was the first known conductor in the state of Ohio. As noted by The National Park Service, Rankin, his wife, and kids helped hundreds of slaves from 1822 to 1865. His neighbor John Parker was another abolitionist and the two worked together to help the passengers, Parker brought slaves across the river in his boat where they stayed at Rankins House. ManyRead MoreSignificance of Shays Rebellion1575 Words   |  7 Pagesthe House of Representatives (the lower chamber). This particular plan had a problem with small states because they had less population, resulting in smaller number of seats in the house. The large states would have all the advantage in the house. John Dickinson, a lawyer and a politician, reproached Madison that, You see the consequences of pushing things too far. Some of the members from the small States wish for two branches in the General Legislature and are fri ends to a good National Government;

College vs. High School Essay Example For Students

College vs. High School Essay High School vs. CollegeAfter going to high school for four years, college is definitely a step up. There are similarities, but at the same time more differences. There is still some required classes and homework, but they are different at the same time. Classes in college are bigger as well as the campus, class times vary a lot more, homework takes more time, and the teacher/student communication is a 180 degree change from high school. In high school, classes are usually no larger than 25 students. In many classes, it could be even less than that. In college all classes are larger than 35 students, yet most are significantly larger. In general education lecture classes, such as Psychology and management, class sizes can get up to 400 students. Students go into their classes, find a seat in the huge lecture hall, and fade into another face among the silent crowd. With so many students and so many faces in each class, college professors dont personally get to know their students. A professor wouldnt even notice if a student didnt attend class one day, or if that person was taking that class at all. In big classes, the professor wont even know a students name by the last day of class. In high school, teachers get to know their students on a first and last name basis within at least the first couple of weeks. High School teachers know each students personality, study habits, and grades by the end of each year. In college, a student would be lucky if his/her professor recognized their face. Lecture, lecture, lecture, take notes, read, and take the test. That pretty much sums up an average college course. You come into the class, find a seat, get out your notebook for notes and listen until the end of class. There are no second chances or re-takes on an exam, like in high school. It is almost impossible to talk professors into giving extra credit for outstanding participation, because chances are they wont remember it. Half credit for the confusing last question you got wrong on the mid-term? Not a chance; it is either all credit or no credit. To avoid confusion, you must study harder next time. In college, theres no more messing around with exhibitions or group projects. Although one may be used to having extra credit or participation points in high school, dont expect to see it too much in college. Students are tested on what they learned, and thats the end of it. You know it or you dont. There is a set time which school is in session everyday in high school. For examp le, a high school could hold classes from 7am to 3pm Monday through Fridays for nine months. There, a student plans his of her schedule around school. In college it is exactly the opposite. A student can take classes whenever they want to. For example, if a student wishes to work from nine to three, then they can enroll in classes after three and even night classes if they want. Class times vary form 7:00 in the morning to 8:00 at night. A college student can plan their schooling around their schedule. Everyone takes the same classes in high school: Math, English, Science, History, and possibly an Art. Everyone pretty much has the same set requirements to meet before each year ends. When in college, students can take whatever classes they want. Classes range from Management Information Systems to Human Nutrition, or Weather and Climate. Depending on what one wants to major in, there are many different class options. You can take whatever class you want, when you want. Take your pick. In conclusion, high school and college are two very different worlds of education. The way subjects are taught, the sizes of classes, the schedule of classes, teachers, and courses all vary between college and high school. College is a step up in education; it is a whole new kind of experience. Its not extremely hard, but you just have to push yourself a little more, and step up your study habits and homework skills. College and high school are both the same in some ways, but really different in many o thers.

Study Of Family Interaction Essays - Family, Human Development

Study of Family Interaction Study Of Family Interaction Lead To New Understanding Of Abusive Parents Researchers at the University of Toronto have taken important steps toward producing a profile of an abusive parent. Prof. Gary Walters and doctoral student Lynn Oldershaw of the Department of Psychology have developed a system to characterize parents who physically abuse their children. This could ultimately allow social service professionals to identify parents in child abuse. Over the last five years, Walters and Oldershaw, in collaboration with Darlene Hall of the West End Creche, have examined over 100 mothers and their three to six-year-old children who have been physically abused. In the laboratory, the mother and child spend 30 minutes in structured activities such as playing, eating and cleaning-up. The family interaction is video-taped and later analyzed. The researchers have developed a system which allows them to record the effectiveness of parenting skills. They are particularly interested in disciplinary strategies because abuse most commonly occurs when the parent wants the child to comply. It's a question of trying to determine which type of parent produces which type of child or which type of child elicits which type of parental behaviour, explains Oldershaw. As a result of their work, Walters and Oldershaw have identified distinct categories of abusive parents and their children. 'Harsh/intrusive' mothers are excessively harsh and constantly badger their child to behave. Despite the fact that these mothers humiliate and disapprove of their child, there are times when they hug, kiss or speak to them warmly. This type of mothering produces an aggressive, disobedientchild. A 'covert/hostile' mother shows no positive feelings towards her child. She makes blatant attacks on the child's self-worth and denies him affection or attention. For his part, the child tries to engage his mother's attention and win her approval. An 'emotionally detached' mother has very little involvement with her child. She appears depressed and uninterested in the child's activities. The child of this type of mother displays no characteristics which set him apart from other children. In order to put together a parenting profile, the two researchers examine the mother/child interaction and their perception and feelings. For instance, Walters and Oldershaw take into account the mother's sense of herself as a parent and her impression of her child. The researchers also try to determine the child's perception of himself or herself and of the parent. Abusive parents are often believed to have inadequate parenting skills and are referred to programs to improve these skills. These programs are particularly appropriate for parents who, themselves, were raised by abusive parents and as a result are ignorant of any other behavior toward her child. One of the goals of the psychologists is to provide information to therapists which will help tailor therapy to the individual needs of the abusive parents. Recidivism rates for abusive care-givers are high, says Walters. To a large extent, abusive parents which require a variety of treatment. Their research is funded by the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council.Contact: Gary Walters (416)978-7814 Lynn Oldershaw (416)978-3528

The History of the Mexican Revolution in 1910

The History of the Mexican Revolution in 1910 Mexican and American people should remember the Mexican revolution which took place in 1910. Several years people struggled for their lands, freedom and the opportunity to lead a normal life. Many people had leave their places as Americans and other powerful people just captured what they had.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The History of the Mexican Revolution in 1910-1942 specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Reading the book The Wind that Swept Mexico: The History of the Mexican Revolution, 1910-1942 by Brenner and Leighton (1984), it is possible to imagine how people struggled and how they suffered. Inequality and injustice supported that revolution. Looking at the time when the events took place, the beginning of the 20th century and the barbaric circumstances which supported the revolution, it is possible to predict that nothing similar may be seen in the modern time. However, the events in the modern world and the countries, which still allow such cases, exist. Columbia is a developing country where the laws are rather co0ntestible and the behavior of some powers remain unsatisfied. However, people are unable to contradict due to low income, poor existence and other factors which impact the situation. It is possible to draw the parallel; between Similar to 1910s Mexico and Colombia’s â€Å"dispossessed†, the events which may be characterized by the illegal having of the lands of population taken away by wealthy landowners with the complicity of the government. Remembering the Mexican revolution, the participants and the simple viewers of the event saw the following,  Every home was in a state of siege. Civilians dodging out for food were often caught in crossfires, and their bodies lay in the streets. Women ran on desperate errands carrying flags made of sheets tied to brooms. A million people had become only a battlefield (Brenner, Leighton, 1984, p. 34). Reading such expla nation, it is impossible to imagine that the same things may happen in the civilized world. However, this is exactly what happened in 2000 in Columbia. Molano (2005) in his book The dispossessed: chronicles of the Desterrados of Colombia presents the story of this country when people were deprived of everything they had.Advertising Looking for essay on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More There was neither law nor judges, neither protectors nor those who could even help. Powerful people believed that they could do everything they had, others were sure that they did not have anything and could not sustain. Reading the stories told by a boy named Toà ±ito, one becomes really shocked of how the government of the country may act in such a way. Modern world is based on democracy where people are the hands of the power. Still, Columbia is not such a country. The government there lives under personal rules a nd does all possible to satisfy personal needs. Remembering the Mexican revolution, people say, â€Å"cases involving a foreigner against a Mexican were decided according to the principle that the foreigner must be right† (Brenner, Leighton, 1984, p. 11). The foreigners were the conquerors and this may be considered as one of the approvals of the events. â€Å"Many wars. Here had been a great war in which the Americans – or was it the English? had come down from the north and, aided by the devil†¦ had overrun many lands† (Brenner, Leighton, 1984, p. 18). However, the situation in Columbia was different. Paramilitaries came to the places of simple people to get what they wanted. Molano (2005) writes, â€Å"everybody was inside by eight o’clock. The adults would sit outside talking among themselves until then, because later, the paramilitaries would ride by on their motorcycles and kill whoever was at the street† (p. 73). Therefore, the main d ifference between the Mexican revolution and the Columbian’s dispossessed was the fact that in the first case the foreigners wanted to get something from a poor neighbors, while in the situation with Columbia, the government and wealthy people believed that they do not possess enough and simple poor people should give them what they have. Toà ±ito’s story about his family who were killed is touching. He tells about the representatives of power who wanted to get their house, about his days when he had nothing to eat and to where to leave. As a result, Toà ±ito remain at the street with other boys (Molano, 2005). Osiris’s story is more shocking.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The History of the Mexican Revolution in 1910-1942 specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Her husband was shot in front of her and her children. Several years later, her son was killed by police and her daughter disappeared. The more shocking event was the fact that she was accused in the murder and disappearance of her children. These are the methods how police and other governmental structures made people leave their places to give those to powerful and wealthy representatives of the society. Such countries as Mexico and Columbia do not know what democracy is. These people are not sure what they can wait from their government, they are not protected at all. These two war events which took place in Mexico and about 100 years later in Columbia prove the fact that there are people who do want to get everything, that democracy for some people is just the word which means nothing. Of course, powerful people will always get more if they use their power on the personal benefit. However, governments of the same kind should understand that the life under oppression cannot last forever, there always will be people who will want to change everything. Looking at Mexican people, it is impossible to say that they live wealthy lives, however, these people are happy to have their homes, lands and work. Columbian oppression is also finishes. Social and political processes are subjected to different laws. Even if the country leaders do not know them, it does not mean that they are not going to work. Oppressed people are ready for revolution and they will win this revolution some time. Fear for personal life is not that powerful like the fear for the same future for children, for the same future for the further generations. There are many examples in the world history where people are ready to fight to death for the freedom of those who will manage to survive. The examples of the violence (foreigners in Mexico and police in Columbia) almost 100 years ago show that human greed does not have the measures. Having a desire to get more land, powerful structures are ready for murders and other violence acts to make sure that they will be able to get what they want.Advertising Looking for essay on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Molano (2005) and Brenner Leighton (1984) give the vivid examples of what happened in Columbia and Mexico respectively and these pictures shock. The events and the reasons are similar as the fight for land has always been supported with blood and suffering. Reference List Brenner, A., Leighton, G. R. (1984). The Wind that Swept Mexico: The History of the Mexican Revolution, 1910-1942. Austin: University of Texas Press. Molano, A. (2005). The dispossessed: chronicles of the Desterrados of Colombia. New York: Haymarket Books.

Overview of the Second Opium War

Overview of the Second Opium War In the mid-1850s, the European powers and the United States sought to renegotiate their commercial treaties with China. This effort was led by the British who sought the opening of all of China to their merchants, an ambassador in Beijing, legalization of the opium trade, and the exemption of imports from tariffs. Unwilling to make further concessions to the West, the Qing government of Emperor Xianfeng refused these requests. Tensions were further heightened on October 8, 1856, when Chinese officials boarded the Hong Kong (then British) registered ship Arrow and removed 12 Chinese crewmen. In response to the Arrow Incident, British diplomats in Canton demanded the release of the prisoners and sought redress. The Chinese refused, stating that Arrow was involved in smuggling and piracy. To aid in dealing with the Chinese, the British contacted France, Russia, and the United States about forming an alliance. The French, angered by the recent execution of missionary August Chapdelaine by the Chinese, joined while the Americans and Russians sent envoys. In Hong Kong, the situation worsened following a failed attempt by the citys Chinese bakers to poison the citys European population. Early Actions In 1857, after dealing with the Indian Mutiny, British forces arrived at Hong Kong. Led by Admiral Sir Michael Seymour and Lord Elgin, they joined with the French under Marshall Gros and then attacked the forts on the Pearl River south of Canton. The governor of Guangdong and Guangxi provinces, Ye Mingchen, ordered his soldiers not to resist and the British easily took control of the forts. Pressing north, the British and French seized Canton after a brief fight and captured Ye Mingchen. Leaving an occupying force at Canton, they sailed north and took the Taku Forts outside Tianjin in May 1858. Treaty of Tianjin With his military already dealing with the Taiping Rebellion, Xianfeng was unable to resist the advancing British and French. Seeking peace, the Chinese negotiated the Treaties of Tianjin. As part of the treaties, the British, French, Americans, and Russians were permitted to install legations in Beijing, ten additional ports would be opened to foreign trade, foreigners would be permitted to travel through the interior, and reparations would be paid to Britain and France. In addition, the Russians signed the separate Treaty of Aigun which gave them coastal land in northern China. Fighting Resumes While the treaties ended the fighting, they were immensely unpopular within Xianfengs government. Shortly after agreeing to the terms, he was persuaded to renege and dispatched Mongolian General Sengge Rinchen to defend the newly returned Taku Forts. The following June hostilities recommenced following Rinchens refusal to allow Admiral Sir James Hope to land troops to escort the new ambassadors to Beijing. While Richen was willing to allow the ambassadors to land elsewhere, he prohibited armed troops to accompany them. On the night of June 24, 1859, British forces cleared the Baihe River of obstacles and the next day Hopes squadron sailed in to bombard the Taku Forts. Meeting heavy resistance from the forts batteries, Hope was ultimately forced to withdrawal with the aid of Commodore Josiah Tattnall, whose ships violated US neutrality to assist the British. When asked why he intervened, Tattnall replied that blood is thicker than water. Stunned by this reversal, the British and French began assembling a large force at Hong Kong. By the summer of 1860, the army numbered 17,700 men (11,000 British, 6,700 French). Sailing with 173 ships, Lord Elgin and General Charles Cousin-Montauban returned to the Tianjin and landed on August 3 near Bei Tang, two miles from the Taku Forts. The forts fell on August 21. Having occupied Tianjin, the Anglo-French army began moving inland towards Beijing. As the enemy host approached, Xianfeng called for peace talks. These stalled following the arrest and torture of British envoy Harry Parkes and his party. On September 18, Rinchen attacked the invaders near Zhangjiawan but was repelled. As the British and French entered the Beijing suburbs, Rinchen made his final stand at Baliqiao. Mustering over 30,000 men, Rinchen launched several frontal assaults on the Anglo-French positions and was repulsed, destroying his army in the process. The way now open, Lord Elgin and Cousin-Montauban entered Beijing on October 6. With the army gone, Xianfeng fled the capital, leaving Prince Gong to negotiate peace. While in the city, British and French troops looted the Old Summer Palace and freed Western prisoners. Lord Elgin considered burning the Forbidden City as punishment for Chinese use of kidnapping and torture, but was talked into burning the Old Summer Palace instead by other diplomats. Aftermath In the following days, Prince Gong met with the Western diplomats and accepted the Convention of Peking. By the terms of the convention, the Chinese were forced to accept the validity of the Treaties of Tianjin, cede part of Kowloon to Britain, open Tianjin as a trade port, allow religious freedom, legalize the opium trade, and pay reparations to Britain and France. Though not a belligerent, Russia took advantage of Chinas weakness and concluded the Supplementary Treaty of Peking which ceded approximately 400,000 square miles of territory to St. Petersburg. The defeat of its military by a much smaller Western army showed the weakness of the Qing Dynasty and began a new age of imperialism in China. Domestically, this, coupled with the flight of the emperor and the burning of the Old Summer Palace, greatly damaged the Qings prestige leading many within China to begin questioning the governments effectiveness. Sources victorianweb.org/history/empire/opiumwars/opiumwars1.html state.gov/r/pa/ho/time/dwe/82012.htm